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681.
682.
Paul W. Eastwick Alice H. Eagly Peter Glick Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt Susan T. Fiske Ashley M. B. Blum Thomas Eckes Patricia Freiburger Li-li Huang Maria Lameiras Fernández Anna Maria Manganelli Jolynn C. X. Pek Yolanda Rodríguez Castro Nuray Sakalli-Ugurlu Iris Six-Materna Chiara Volpato 《Sex roles》2006,54(9-10):603-614
Social role theory (Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000) predicts that traditional gender ideology is associated with preferences for qualities in a mate that reflect a conventional homemaker-provider division of labor. This study assessed traditional gender ideology using Glick and Fiske's (1996, 1999) indexes of ambivalent attitudes toward women and men and related these attitudes to the sex-typed mate preferences of men for younger mates with homemaker skills and of women for older mates with breadwinning potential. Results from a nine-nation sample revealed that, to the extent that participants had a traditional gender ideology, they exhibited greater sex-typing of mate preferences. These relations were generally stable across the nine nations. 相似文献
683.
To study differences in the effects of stress exposure and affective responding on aggression in men and women, the authors examined the effects of an acute stressor (air blast) on subsequent aggressive behavior, measured as the intensity of shocks men and women delivered to a putative employee. The authors measured participants' affective responding using the startle reflex. Results showed that although men and women did not differ in their startle responses to the actual stressor, high stress led to contrasting patterns of subsequent aggressive behavior. Women under high stress responded with less aggression than women under low stress, whereas men exposed to high stress exhibited increases in aggression relative to those under low stress. Affective responding during the stressor differentially modulated aggression in men and women: Startle responses predicted increasing levels of aggression in men and less aggression in women. These findings suggest that although men and women show similar basic affective processing in response to stressors, the behavioral profiles associated with stress differ in men and women. These findings have implications for understanding gender differences in the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. 相似文献
684.
Aging, body image, and body shape 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ferraro FR Muehlenkamp JJ Paintner A Wasson K Hager T Hoverson F 《The Journal of general psychology》2008,135(4):379-392
Participants were 25 older men (M age = 72 years, SD = 10 years) and 27 older women (M age = 71 years, SD = 8 years) who examined multiple line-drawing figures of babies, children, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. Participants picked a number on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (very thin) to 9 (very obese) in response to questions including "Which is the most attractive?" and "Which figure would you most like to look like?" They also completed questionnaires about their body image and body shape. In response to the age-specific line drawings (e.g., those depicting older men and older women), older women endorsed thinner figures (e.g., picked smaller numbers) than did men. Likewise, older women reported thinking more about their body shape and appearance than did men and perceived their body image as "a little too big" in comparison with the older men who perceived their body image as "just the right size." However, a breakdown of normal and overweight women in this sample revealed that for some overweight elderly women, obesity could become a satisfactory way of life. Much as with college-aged women, the endorsement of a thinner body image by many of the older adult female participants appeared to persist into late adulthood and suggests that research into body image issues with older adults is relevant and necessary. 相似文献
685.
Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Leary MR Tate EB Adams CE Allen AB Hancock J 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2007,92(5):887-904
Five studies investigated the cognitive and emotional processes by which self-compassionate people deal with unpleasant life events. In the various studies, participants reported on negative events in their daily lives, responded to hypothetical scenarios, reacted to interpersonal feedback, rated their or others' videotaped performances in an awkward situation, and reflected on negative personal experiences. Results from Study 1 showed that self-compassion predicted emotional and cognitive reactions to negative events in everyday life, and Study 2 found that self-compassion buffered people against negative self-feelings when imagining distressing social events. In Study 3, self-compassion moderated negative emotions after receiving ambivalent feedback, particularly for participants who were low in self-esteem. Study 4 found that low-self-compassionate people undervalued their videotaped performances relative to observers. Study 5 experimentally induced a self-compassionate perspective and found that self-compassion leads people to acknowledge their role in negative events without feeling overwhelmed with negative emotions. In general, these studies suggest that self-compassion attenuates people's reactions to negative events in ways that are distinct from and, in some cases, more beneficial than self-esteem. 相似文献
686.
Media coverage of Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) genetic testing shapes public perception of such testing. The purpose of this study
was to determine and assess the themes presented by U.S. news media regarding DTC genetic testing. We performed a Lexis-Nexis
search with the keywords “Direct-to-Consumer” and “genetic test” for news stories published from 2006–2009. The sample was
coded on themes of genetic determinism, privacy, discrimination, validity, regulation, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act (GINA), utility, and cost. Ninety-two news stories were included. Stories displayed moderate genetic determinism and were
neutral about validity and utility. Stories indicated that insurance and employers were the most likely sources of discrimination,
yet identified the physicians and DTC companies as groups most likely to violate privacy. Stories claimed lack of regulation
would harm consumers, but most post-GINA stories did not discuss the law. The costs of tests were frequently included. The
results of this study show a broad range of views toward DTC genetic testing and its potential impacts. The genetics community
should be aware that the public has been exposed to multiple views of DTC genetic testing when discussing these tests. 相似文献
687.
Katie M. Wiskow Ashley L. Matter Jeanne M. Donaldson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2019,52(1):105-115
The Good Behavior Game (GBG) is a popular group contingency implemented to decrease disruptive behavior in classrooms. However, despite numerous replications of the GBG, there are few direct comparisons evaluating the effectiveness of specific components of the GBG. In the present study, we directly compared the type of feedback delivered during the GBG on the effectiveness of the GBG to reduce disruptive behavior in two preschool classrooms. Results showed that delivering vocal feedback (e.g., “raise your hand”) alone or in combination with visual feedback (i.e., hatch marks) was superior to no feedback or visual feedback alone during the GBG. These results suggest that different variations of the GBG are not equally effective and that a collection of effective procedural variations from which teachers can choose would be beneficial. 相似文献
688.
Charlene M. Alexander Ashley N. Hutchison Kelly M. Clougher Holly A. Davis Dustin K. Shepler Yves Ambroise 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2014,92(4):489-498
The purpose of this study was to examine the Choose Respect dating violence prevention program (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006b , n.d.‐a) with secondary students in St. Lucia. Multivariate analysis of variance results indicated that the Choose Respect program had a positive influence on participants’ attitudes about control in relationships. Significant gender and school effects were found. Implications of these findings for primary prevention efforts targeting dating violence in St. Lucia and limitations of the study are discussed. 相似文献
689.
Brandon G. Scott Ashley F. P. Sanders Rebecca A. Graham Donice M. Banks Justin D. Russell Steven L. Berman 《Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research》2014,14(4):255-267
Identity distress involves intense or prolonged upset or worry about personal identity issues including long-term goals, career choice, friendships, sexual orientation and behavior, religion, values and beliefs, and group loyalties. Research suggests that trauma exposure and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms may negatively affect identity development and psychological adjustment. However, little is known about their specific associations with identity distress and internalizing problems among disaster-exposed adolescents. This study aimed to examine these associations in a sample of 325 adolescents (60% female; 89% African American) who experienced a major natural disaster and its aftermath. The results indicated that identity distress was positively associated with age, hurricane exposure, PTSD symptoms, and internalizing problems. Linear regression analyses also showed that identity distress was uniquely associated with internalizing symptoms and that there was an indirect effect of hurricane exposure on identity distress via PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms moderated the link between identity distress and internalizing symptoms, with a significant positive slope found for youth with more PTSD symptoms. Findings were generally consistent with previous work and predictions, and they add to the extant knowledge about identity distress by providing data on the linkages among disaster exposure, posttraumatic stress, and internalizing problems in adolescents. 相似文献
690.
J. Farley Norman Olivia C. Adkins Catherine J. Dowell Stevie C. Hoyng Lindsey M. Shain Lauren E. Pedersen Jonathan D. Kinnard Alexia J. Higginbotham Ashley N. Gilliam 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(8):2467-2477
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of younger and older adults to recognize 3-D object shape from patterns of optical motion. In Experiment 1, participants were required to identify dotted surfaces that rotated in depth (i.e., surface structure portrayed using the kinetic depth effect). The task difficulty was manipulated by limiting the surface point lifetimes within the stimulus apparent motion sequences. In Experiment 2, the participants identified solid, naturally shaped objects (replicas of bell peppers, Capsicum annuum) that were defined by occlusion boundary contours, patterns of specular highlights, or combined optical patterns containing both boundary contours and specular highlights. Significant and adverse effects of increased age were found in both experiments. Despite the fact that previous research has found that increases in age do not reduce solid shape discrimination, our current results indicated that the same conclusion does not hold for shape identification. We demonstrated that aging results in a reduction in the ability to visually recognize 3-D shape independent of how the 3-D structure is defined (motions of isolated points, deformations of smooth optical fields containing specular highlights, etc.). 相似文献