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611.
Paul W. Eastwick Alice H. Eagly Peter Glick Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt Susan T. Fiske Ashley M. B. Blum Thomas Eckes Patricia Freiburger Li-li Huang Maria Lameiras Fernández Anna Maria Manganelli Jolynn C. X. Pek Yolanda Rodríguez Castro Nuray Sakalli-Ugurlu Iris Six-Materna Chiara Volpato 《Sex roles》2006,54(9-10):603-614
Social role theory (Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000) predicts that traditional gender ideology is associated with preferences for qualities in a mate that reflect a conventional homemaker-provider division of labor. This study assessed traditional gender ideology using Glick and Fiske's (1996, 1999) indexes of ambivalent attitudes toward women and men and related these attitudes to the sex-typed mate preferences of men for younger mates with homemaker skills and of women for older mates with breadwinning potential. Results from a nine-nation sample revealed that, to the extent that participants had a traditional gender ideology, they exhibited greater sex-typing of mate preferences. These relations were generally stable across the nine nations. 相似文献
612.
Alcohol consumption increases aggression, but only in some drinkers. This study examines how expectancies for alcohol‐induced aggression and dispositional aggression moderate the link between alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related violence, building on previous studies that have employed limited measures of alcohol‐related violence and included few women. A sample of 212 men and women reported their alcohol consumption, alcohol‐aggression expectancies, dispositional aggression, and incidents of alcohol‐related aggressive acts. Alcohol‐aggression expectancies and quantity of alcohol consumed interacted to predict alcohol‐related aggression. Alcohol‐aggression expectancies covaried with alcohol‐related aggressive acts, particularly in heavier drinkers. Dispositional aggression also correlated with alcohol‐related aggression among heavier drinkers. These results help identify that alcohol might increase aggression only among heavy drinkers who expect alcohol to increase aggression or who are dispositionally aggressive. Aggr. Behav. 32:517–527, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献
613.
Ramesh S. Bhatt Angela Hayden Ashley Kangas Nicole Zieber Jane E. Joseph 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(4):1070-1078
Research indicates that object perception involves the decomposition of images into parts. A critical principle that governs part decomposition by adults is the short-cut rule, which states that, all else being equal, the visual system parses objects using the shortest possible cuts. We examined whether 6.5-month-olds’ parsing of images also follows the short-cut rule. Infants in the experimental conditions were habituated to cross shapes and then tested for their preference between segregated patterns produced using long cuts versus short cuts. Infants in the control conditions were directly tested with the segregated patterns. Infants in the experimental conditions exhibited a greater novelty preference for the long-cut over the short-cut patterns than did those in the control conditions, thereby indicating that they are more likely to segregate cross shapes using short cuts rather than long cuts. This sensitivity to the short-cut rule was evident when two alternative parameters, part area and protrusion, were controlled in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Thus, a critical principle that governs part segregation in adulthood is operational by 6.5 months of age. 相似文献
614.
Framing uncertain scenarios to emphasize potential positive or negative elements influences decision making and behavior. The current experiment investigated sex differences in framing effects on risk-taking propensity in a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Male and female undergraduates completed questionnaires on sensation seeking, impulsiveness, and risk and benefit perception prior to viewing one of three framing conditions for the BART: (1) positively-framed instructions emphasizing the ability to earn money if balloons were inflated to large size; (2) negatively framed instructions emphasizing the possibility that money could be lost if balloons were inflated to bursting; and (3) completely framed instructions noting both possible outcomes. Results revealed correlations between BART performance and impulsiveness for both sexes. Compared to positive and complete framing, negatively framed instructions decreased balloon inflation time in women but not men, indicating sex differences in response to treatments designed to alter risk-taking behavior. 相似文献
615.
Cynthia M. Hartung Elizabeth K. Lefler Ashley B. Tempel Monica L. Armendariz Benjamin A. Sigel Carolyn S. Little 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):128-137
Halo effects in the assessment of ADHD and ODD were examined. Participants were 159 undergraduate college students who rated
children described as showing disruptive behaviors. Bidirectional halo effects were found. Specifically, the presence of oppositionality
artificially inflated ratings of inattention and hyperactivity, and the combined presence of inattention and hyperactivity
artificially inflated ratings of oppositionality. Several specific items were found to be particularly susceptible to halo
effects. Due to these halo effects caution should be exercised when diagnosing multiple behavior disorders, especially with
items found to be particularly susceptible. Clinical interviews conducted by mental health professionals may help distinguish
between the true presence of multiple disorders and halo effects based on ratings. Future research should determine whether
structured interviews conducted by mental health professionals are less susceptible to halo effects than rating scales. 相似文献
616.
Debra L. Maury Roseanne J. Mauch Ashley N. Hammer Verner P. Bingman 《Animal cognition》2010,13(5):733-743
The memory-based recognition of a goal is a capacity well demonstrated in birds, and understanding this ability often involves
determining the relative importance of spatial and feature information in representing the properties of a goal. However,
surprisingly little avian research has examined goal recognition in a field setting. Here, we demonstrate that homing pigeons
can be successfully trained outdoors to fly to and land on a goal platform located in an array of other platforms at a distance
on the order of 100 m. They can do so under conditions when the properties of the goal are stable in time as well as when
the properties of the goal periodically change; the latter condition indicating that homing pigeons can rapidly adapt their
memory representations to take into account changing environmental conditions. When probed for preferential use of either
spatial (location) or feature-based (color) information, the pigeons demonstrated an indifferent capacity to use both independent
of task demands. The homing pigeon memory systems that support goal recognition appear to be opportunistic with respect to
the information exploited, using spatial and feature information equally to guide their behavior. Therefore, and despite strong
natural and artificial selection for navigational ability, spatial information is no more important than feature cues in representing
a goal location for homing pigeons flying outdoors. 相似文献
617.
618.
Memory & Cognition - When Ss are presented a first set of items (Set A) followed by a second set (Set B), a postinput cue to recall only Set B results in better recall of Set B than does a cue... 相似文献
619.
This study relies on information theory, social presence, and source credibility to uncover what best helps people grasp the urgency of an emergency. We surveyed a random sample of 1,318 organizational members who received multiple notifications about a large‐scale emergency. We found that people who received 3 redundant messages coming through at least 1 synchronous communication source—for example, phone or face‐to‐face communication—perceived the urgency of the situation the most quickly, whereas those receiving official messages through asynchronous channels—most often text message—had the lowest sense of urgency. Our findings suggest that by understanding people's reactions to various kinds of redundant communication, organizations can design more strategic emergency messages that capture attention. 相似文献
620.