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531.
Behavioral pharmacology of the odor span task: Effects of flunitrazepam,ketamine, methamphetamine and methylphenidate
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Mark Galizio Brooke April Melissa Deal Andrew Hawkey Danielle Panoz‐Brown Ashley Prichard Katherine Bruce 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2016,106(3):173-194
The Odor Span Task is an incrementing non‐matching‐to‐sample procedure that permits the study of behavior under the control of multiple stimuli. Rats are exposed to a series of odor stimuli and selection of new stimuli is reinforced. Successful performance thus requires remembering which stimuli have previously been presented during a given session. This procedure has been frequently used in neurobiological studies as a rodent model of working memory; however, only a few studies have examined the effects of drugs on performance in this task. The present experiments explored the behavioral pharmacology of a modified version of the Odor Span Task by determining the effects of stimulant drugs methylphenidate and methamphetamine, NMDA antagonist ketamine, and positive GABAA modulator flunitrazepam. All four drugs produced dose‐dependent impairment of performances on the Odor Span Task, but for methylphenidate and methamphetamine, these occurred only at doses that had similar effects on performance of a simple odor discrimination. Generally, these disruptions were based on omission of responding at the effective doses. The effects of ketamine and flunitrazepam were more selective in some rats. That is, some rats tested under flunitrazepam and ketamine showed decreases in accuracy on the Odor Span Task at doses that did not affect simple discrimination performance. These selective effects indicate disruption of within‐session stimulus control. Overall, these findings support the potential of the Odor Span Task as a baseline for the behavioral pharmacological analysis of remembering. 相似文献
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533.
Ashley Mandeville Jennifer Manegold Russell Matthews Marilyn V. Whitman 《Psychologie appliquee》2022,71(3):765-783
As governments mandated organization and school closures due to COVID-19, working parents involuntarily found themselves trying to balance both work and child educational responsibilities from home while still endeavoring to remain productive at work. As such, we integrate the crisis management literature with boundary theory and the work–home resources model to propose and test a process model to better understand how abrupt shifts to remote work and school closures impact working parents' job performance during a crisis. Using data collected across four time periods beginning at the time when most states had issued “safer at home” orders, we examine a serial mediation model and find, consistent with predictions, that early experiences of boundary violations and job insecurity impact work–family balance self-efficacy, which in turn drives future job performance by way of its effects on working parents' subjective well-being. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. 相似文献
534.
Janelle Allison David A. Wilder Hwee Lan Teo Ashley Flynn Kristin Myers 《Behavioral Interventions》2011,26(3):167-178
We evaluated the effect of the availability of a similar toy on compliance with an instruction to surrender a toy among three preschool children. First, high‐preference and medium‐preference toys were identified for each participant. During the treatment evaluation, reversal designs were used to examine compliance with an instruction to surrender these toys when a toy similar to the target toy was added to the environment. The results indicated that, for two participants, the similar toy intervention increased compliance to moderate levels; a consequence‐based intervention was then added to the similar toy intervention and resulted in high levels of compliance. For the third participant, the similar toy intervention did not increase compliance. A separate consequence‐based intervention was necessary to increase compliance and to demonstrate experimental control. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
535.
Marital separation and divorce increase risk for all-cause morbidity and mortality. Using a laboratory analogue paradigm, the present study examined attachment anxiety, language use, and blood pressure (BP) reactivity among 119 (n = 43 men, 76 women) recently separated adults who were asked to mentally reflect on their relationship history and separation experience. We created a language use composite of verbal immediacy from participants' stream-of-consciousness recordings about their separation experience as a behavioral index of attachment-related hyperactivation. Verbal immediacy moderated the association between attachment anxiety and BP at the beginning of a divorce-specific activation task. Participants reporting high attachment anxiety who discussed their separation in a first-person, present-oriented and highly engaged manner evidenced the highest levels of BP at the start of the divorce-specific task. Results provide a deeper understanding of the association between marital dissolution and health and suggest that verbal immediacy may be a useful behavioral index of hyperactivating coping strategies. 相似文献
536.
Several dispositional traits have been examined in mating contexts by evolutionary psychologists. Such traits include life history strategy, sociosexuality, and the Big Five. Recently, scholars have examined the validity and predictive utility of mating intelligence, a new construct designed to capture the cognitive processes that underlie mating psychology. The current research employed a battery of dispositional traits that include all these constructs in an effort to predict preferences for different kinds of sex acts. Sexual acts vary wildly, and the ability to predict this variability may well hold an important key to underlying sexual strategies. A sample of 607 young adults (144 males and 463 females) completed measures of each of these traits as well as a measure of preference for specific sex acts (along with providing information on their sexual orientation). The traits predicted variability in preference for sex acts - with mating intelligence being the most predictive (for instance, mating intelligence was positively related to preference for vaginal intercourse across the sexes). Sex differences emerged (e.g., males show a stronger preference for anal sex than do females). Discussion focuses on (a) sex differences in preference for sex acts along with (b) why the trait variables predicted preferences in sex acts. 相似文献
537.
Adolescents comprise a portion of women who present to genetic counselors prenatally. In this study, prenatal genetic counselors
(N = 128) were surveyed regarding their perceptions of genetic counseling sessions for adolescent (ages 13–19) and adult (ages
20–34) patients. Counselors perceived differences in methods used to communicate risk information for adolescent versus adult
populations. Respondents reported that it is more difficult for adolescents to understand prognostic information than adults.
They also noted differences between adult and adolescent populations with respect to the people who typically accompany the
patient to the session. Respondents stated that adolescents were accompanied by a parent, friend, or sibling, which differed
from adults who reportedly were accompanied by a significant other, father of the pregnancy, or by no one. These findings
suggest it is important to recognize that adolescent patients are in a unique stage of their development which may influence
a prenatal genetic counseling session. 相似文献
538.
539.
Media coverage of Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) genetic testing shapes public perception of such testing. The purpose of this study
was to determine and assess the themes presented by U.S. news media regarding DTC genetic testing. We performed a Lexis-Nexis
search with the keywords “Direct-to-Consumer” and “genetic test” for news stories published from 2006–2009. The sample was
coded on themes of genetic determinism, privacy, discrimination, validity, regulation, the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination
Act (GINA), utility, and cost. Ninety-two news stories were included. Stories displayed moderate genetic determinism and were
neutral about validity and utility. Stories indicated that insurance and employers were the most likely sources of discrimination,
yet identified the physicians and DTC companies as groups most likely to violate privacy. Stories claimed lack of regulation
would harm consumers, but most post-GINA stories did not discuss the law. The costs of tests were frequently included. The
results of this study show a broad range of views toward DTC genetic testing and its potential impacts. The genetics community
should be aware that the public has been exposed to multiple views of DTC genetic testing when discussing these tests. 相似文献
540.
Gibb BE Johnson AL Benas JS Uhrlass DJ Knopik VS McGeary JE 《Cognition & emotion》2011,25(6):1104-1120
Theorists have proposed that negative experiences in childhood may contribute to the development of experience-specific information-processing biases, including attentional biases. There are also clear genetic influences on cognitive processes, with evidence that polymorphisms in specific candidate genes may moderate the impact of environmental stress on attentional biases (e.g., a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene; 5-HTTLPR). In the current study, we tested a gene×environment (G×E) model of risk for attentional biases. We hypothesised that children whose mothers exhibit high levels of expressed emotion criticism (EE-Crit) would display attentional biases specifically for angry, but not happy or sad, faces, and that this link would be stronger among children carrying one or two copies of the 5-HTTLPR short allele than among those homozygous for the long allele. Results generally supported these hypotheses, though we found that carriers of the 5-HTTLPR short allele who also had a critical mother exhibited attentional avoidance of angry faces rather than preferential attention. 相似文献