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241.
Dynamic illusion effects in a reaching task: evidence for separate visual representations in the planning and control of reaching. 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
S R Glover P Dixon 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2001,27(3):560-572
The effects of an orientation illusion on perception and 2 different actions were investigated. An 8-cm x 2-cm cylindrical bar was placed in front of participants at various orientations. A background grating was used to induce an orientation illusion. In a perception task, the illusion affected participants' ability to align the bar with their sagittal planes. In one reaching task, a similar effect of the illusion was found on the choice between 2 possible grasping postures. In a second reaching task involving a single grasping posture, the orientation illusion affected the orientation of the hand at the beginning of the reach but not near its end. The authors argue that reaching trajectories are planned and initiated through a context-dependent representation but are corrected on-line through a context-independent representation. The relation of this model to a more general dichotomy between perception and action is discussed. 相似文献
242.
Naijian Zhang David N. Dixon 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2001,29(4):253-262
The authors conducted an analog study to investigate the difference between culturally responsive and culturally neutral counselors. Sixty Asian international students were interviewed by 6 counselors. Students in the culturally responsive condition rated their counselors as significantly more expert, attractive, and trustworthy than those in the culturally neutral condition. Un estudio analágico se diseñó para investigar la diferencia entre consejeros culturalmente sensibles y culturalmente neutrales. Sesenta estudiantes internacionales Asiáticos fueron entrevistados por seis consejeros. Los estudiantes en la condición culturalmente sensible valoraron a sus consejeros como significativamente más expertos, atractivos, y confiables que ésos en la condición culturalmente neutral. 相似文献
243.
Mark R. Dixon Heather Benedict Tracy Larson 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2001,34(3):361-363
The present study examined the possible function of inappropriate verbal behavior of an adult man who had been diagnosed with both mental retardation and psychosis. Results of a functional analysis indicated that inappropriate verbal utterances were maintained by attention. An intervention consisting of the differential reinforcement of appropriate verbal behavior effectively reduced the inappropriate behavior. 相似文献
244.
Mental fatigue influence on effort-related cardiovascular response: difficulty effects and extension across cognitive performance domains 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rex A. Wright Tonia R. Junious Christin Neal Ashley Avello Candace Graham Laura Herrmann Sonia Junious Natasha Walton 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(3):219-231
Two experiments investigated cardiovascular effects of mental fatigue as a function of (1) the difficulty of the cognitive
challenge with which participants were confronted, and (2) the relevance of that challenge to the activity that instigated
the fatigue. In the first, participants performed an easy (fatigue low) or difficult (fatigue high) counting task and then
were presented an arithmetic challenge (task B relevance high) or a scanning challenge (task B relevance low) with instructions
that they would avoid a noise if they attained a modest performance standard. Analysis of blood pressure responses assessed
during the work periods revealed fatigue main effects, reflecting stronger responses for High Fatigue participants, regardless
of the character of the second task. In the second, the procedure was the same except that it included a high performance
standard and provided the chance to win a prize. Analysis of the pressure data revealed fatigue x work period interactions,
reflecting relatively stronger responses among High Fatigue participants in work period 1, but relatively weaker responses
among these participants in work period 2. Results confirm previous findings and support an analysis of fatigue influence
on effort and associated cardiovascular responses. They also argue against the idea that mental fatigue influence may be confined
to relevant cognitive performance realms.
相似文献
Rex A. WrightEmail: |
245.
The authors examined memory compensation techniques used by older adults from 2 memory status groups, not impaired control (NIC) and mild memory deficit (MMD), both at baseline and across a 6-year (3-wave) interval. The groups were derived from a parent sample of 55- to 85-year-old adults from the Victoria Longitudinal Study (NIC baseline, n = 276; memory > parent sample mean; MMD baseline, n = 79; memory > 1 standard deviation below parent sample mean). Multilevel modeling was used to test 3 research questions concerning differences in initial use of, and 6-year changes and variability in, memory compensation. Initial group differences were observed for both a memory compensation technique and a general compensation indicator. Significant differences in 6-year change patterns were observed for 2 memory compensation techniques (recruitment of human memory assistance, investment of extra effort in memory tasks). Interactions of group status and wave showed that older adults with MMD declined in their use of memory compensation strategies, whereas initially NIC older adults increased their use of compensatory techniques over the 6 years. 相似文献
246.
Theories of embodied, modal representation propose that concepts are grounded in the sensorimotor system. According to these
theories, action (or the potential for action) creates meaning. An apparent challenge for these theories is the fact that
higher-order relations (i.e., relations among relations), such as monotonic increase or alternation, have no straightforward
sensorimotor analog. A single action can increase or alternate only relative to another action. Therefore, if embodied theories
are to handle concepts more generally, patterns of action must provide meaning to the system. Previous research suggested
that as participants simulated the motion of gear problems they discovered a higher-order relation, alternation, based on
the episodic traces of their own alternating actions. The present study showed that the number of alternating actions in episodic
memory prior to discovery of the alternation relation predicted its generalization to new problem types. Actions can function
as the representational substrate of higher-order relations. 相似文献
247.
248.
The present article describes a software program in Visual Basic .NET designed to simulate three slot machines on a computer
screen. This software is described in detail regarding utility, downloading, and usage; and data are presented illustrating
the software’s potential for researchers interested in gambling behavior. A simulation of multiple slot machines such as this
enables researchers to evaluate players’ preferences across various machines. In the highlighted experiment, 18 recreational
slot machine players played the software for extra course credit and a chance at cash prizes. All participants played a version
of the simulation in which every 5th response on average was a win, whereas the remaining trials were a loss. However, on
those loss trials, a varying distribution of almost wins or near misses (i.e., two winning symbols on the payoff line and
the final winning symbol directly above or below the payoff line) were presented in percentages of 15, 30, or 45. While no
preferences across the three options could be predicted on the basis of reinforcement history alone, deviations from equal
choices across the games were noted and appeared to be the result of the presentations of near-miss losing trials. Implications
for a greater understanding of pathological gambling are presented. 相似文献
249.
The present paper provides a task analysis for creating a computerized data system using a Pocket PC and Microsoft Visual Basic. With Visual Basic software and any handheld device running the Windows Moble operating system, this task analysis will allow behavior analysts to program and customize their own functional analysis data-collection system. The program will allow the user to select the type of behavior to be recorded, choose between interval and frequency data collection, and summarize data for graphing and analysis. We also provide suggestions for customizing the data-collection system for idiosyncratic research and clinical needs. 相似文献
250.
The sounds that make up spoken words are heard in a series and must be mapped rapidly onto words in memory because their elements, unlike those of visual words, cannot simultaneously exist or persist in time. Although theories agree that the dynamics of spoken word recognition are important, they differ in how they treat the nature of the competitor set-precisely which words are activated as an auditory word form unfolds in real time. This study used eye tracking to measure the impact over time of word frequency and 2 partially overlapping competitor set definitions: onset density and neighborhood density. Time course measures revealed early and continuous effects of frequency (facilitatory) and on set based similarity (inhibitory). Neighborhood density appears to have early facilitatory effects and late inhibitory effects. The late inhibitory effects are due to differences in the temporal distribution of similarity within neighborhoods. The early facilitatory effects are due to subphonemic cues that inform the listener about word length before the entire word is heard. The results support a new conception of lexical competition neighborhoods in which recognition occurs against a background of activated competitors that changes over time based on fine-grained goodness-of-fit and competition dynamics. 相似文献