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41.
Jane S. Saczynski Sherry L. Willis K. Warner Schaie 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(1):48-60
The relationship between strategy use and cognitive training gains on reasoning ability is examined in a sample of 393 older participants in the Seattle Longitudinal Training Study. Pre- and posttest gains on the use of strategies specific to reasoning ability were compared for the elderly trained on reasoning versus spatial orientation ability. The present study involves an objective behavioral method of measuring strategy use on tests of inductive reasoning. Results showed that participants trained on reasoning significantly increased strategy use from pre- to posttest on two reasoning outcome measures compared to participants trained on spatial orientation. Higher strategy use by inductive reasoning trainees was also associated with greater training gain on reasoning outcome measures, suggesting strategy use as a possible mechanism of training gain. In addition, young–old participants and those with higher education, irrespective of training condition, exhibited greater pre- to posttest gain in strategy use. 相似文献
42.
Brian P. Cooper Christopher Hertzog Peter J. Batsakes Sherry E. Mead 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(4):285-306
Abstract Experiments evaluated instance-based learning as a possible sole mechanism underlying development of automaticity. Age differences in extended practice lexical decision and factors that could effect age-related performance on lexical decision tasks were also examined. the first experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of stimulus-specific and strategic, task-specific learning underlying performance improvement in a trained lexical decision task. the first experiment consisted of a training and a transfer phase. the training phase assessed age-related differences on a lexical decision task where an attention response could, in principle, be developed (Search condition) and where an attention response could not develop (Nonsearch condition). the transfer phase was conducted to evaluate the role of strategic, task-specific factors on performance improvement observed in the training phase. Age-related differences in word-nonword response time differences were eliminated with practice in the nonsearch, but not the search, version of the task. Transfer tests also implicate strategic differences as a partial source of age differences in lexical decision performance. Experiment 2 was a 10-session (two-week) extended practice study which was conducted to provide a strong test of instance-based learning as a sole mechanism for automaticity. Contrary to predictions of instance theory, the Search and Nonsearch conditions converged for the young adults. Consistent with a strength-based theory of automaticity applied to cognitive aging, the conditions did not converge for older adults. the results provide further support for age differences in automaticity-as-attention training. Based on these and other results, the importance of considering varieties of automaticity in theories of cognitive aging is discussed. 相似文献
43.
Sherry A. Span Mitchell Earleywine Thomas Z. Strybel 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2002,24(2):129-136
Three separate models have been proposed to describe the factor structure of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the past 20 years. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III (DSM-III, 1980) proposed 3 separate factors of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The DSM-III-R (1987) proposed a single factor. The DSM-IV (1994) described the disorder as having 2 factors: hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. The following 2 studies employed confirmatory factor analysis to compare each of these models and 3 alternative models. University students completed questionnaires that assessed each of the 18 symptoms listed in the DSM-IV for ADHD. The 3-factor model fit the data significantly better than each of the other models in both studies. These findings suggest that a 3-factor model of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity describes adult ADHD symptoms better than current alternatives. 相似文献
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45.
Joelle D. Elicker Robert G. Lord Steven R. Ash Nicole E. Kohari Bryce J. Hruska Nicole L. McConnell Megan E. Medvedeff 《Psychologie appliquee》2010,59(3):495-514
In a longitudinal study, the authors examined the role of students' rate of progress, or velocity, in goal‐striving over one semester of a college‐level Introductory Psychology course. At both mid‐course and near end‐of‐course time periods, results demonstrated that velocity uniquely contributed to the prediction of students' performance satisfaction, mental focus, and goal revision, above and beyond the influence of performance‐goal discrepancies and ability. Specifically, velocity demonstrated main effects on performance satisfaction and mental focus. Velocity significantly interacted with goal importance in the prediction of goal revision. The authors call for increased attention to the role of velocity in self‐regulation. Dans une étude longitudinale, les auteurs examinent le rôle du taux de progrès des étudiants ou leur rapiditéà atteindre des buts sur un semestre pour un cours d'introduction à la psychologie en faculté. Deux mesures ont été faites: l'une à la moitié du semestre et l'autre à la fin de ce même semestre. Les résultats montrent que uniquement la rapidité contribue à prédire la satisfaction de la performance des étudiants, la concentration, et la révision de l'objectif quels que soient les écarts entre le but de la performance et les capacités. Plus spécifiquement, la rapidité a des effets importants sur la satisfaction de la performance et la concentration. La rapidité interagit significativement avec l'importance des buts dans le cas où l'on envisage leur révision. Les auteurs soulignent le rôle de la rapidité sur l'auto‐régulation. 相似文献
46.
The relationships between rehearsal and subsequent retrieval characteristics were examined in the context of free recall of categorized lists. The results indicated a direct correspondence between the frequency of rehearsal and the order and speed of retrieval within categories. The same relationship obtained for the categories themselves. It was suggested that both retrieval time and order effects can be predicted in terms of the organization of input processing and the resultant repetition frequency of categories and exemplars. 相似文献
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48.
Sherry A. Beaudreau Christine E. Gould Nehjla M. Mashal J.W. Terri Huh J. Kaci Fairchild 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2019,26(2):381-394
Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety has demonstrated lower efficacy in older compared with younger adults. Yet, few other evidence-based options for late-life anxiety have been examined. This case series aimed to demonstrate the application of Problem Solving Therapy (PST) to older adults with anxiety disorders building on PST’s strong empirical support for treating late-life depression. PST was implemented to treat three older primary-care patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders. We present treatment outcomes and discuss the feasibility and acceptability of using PST to treat these patients. Implications and lessons learned from these patients are discussed to inform further development of PST to better meet the needs of older patients suffering from late-life anxiety. 相似文献
49.
Statements supported mostly by correlational and cross-sectional studies suggest that playing violent video games can cause emotional desensitization. A longitudinal experiment examined a) whether repeated violent game play leads to emotional desensitization and b) whether desensitization generalizes to other play and real-life experiences. Participants played alternative versions of the same violent game for the first four days; on these days, the character role was varied between-subjects to be moral (United Nations soldier) or immoral (terrorist soldier). On Day 5, all participants played a novel game as a terrorist. Results indicate two things. First, habituation occurs over repeated game play: Repeated exposure decreased the ability of the original game to elicit guilt. Second, the decreased ability to elicit guilt can generalize to other game-play experiences: Guilt elicited by the novel game on Day 5 was reduced for the immoral character condition compared to the moral character condition. The current study provides causal, longitudinal evidence regarding the potential for video game play to lead to emotional desensitization with regard to future video game-play experiences. 相似文献
50.
Jennifer Katz Samantha Swindell Sherry Farrow 《Journal of applied social psychology》2004,34(10):2179-2199
We studied the psychological sequelae of participation in a first women's studies course. It was hypothesized that this course would impact women's social identities (collective self‐esteem, CSE) and attitudes about gender (sexist and feminist beliefs). Further, we hypothesized that more liberal attitudes about gender would enhance mood, whereas awareness of devaluation (public CSE) would reduce mood. Female students enrolled in Psychology of Women (n= 55) and Introductory Psychology (n= 41) provided data at the beginning and end of an academic semester. As predicted, Psychology of Women students endorsed significantly more liberal attitudes about gender and awareness of devaluation over the course of the semester. Further, acceptance of feminist attitudes buffered against anxiety, whereas awareness of devaluation increased anxiety. The net effect was a nonsignificant change in anxiety for Psychology of Women students over time. 相似文献