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981.
Markus J. Hofmann Lars Kuchinke Sascha Tamm Melissa L. H. Võ Arthur M. Jacobs 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(4):389-397
Lexical decisions to high- and low-arousal negative words and to low-arousal neutral and positive words were examined in an
event-related potentials (ERP) study. Reaction times to positive and high-arousal negative words were shorter than those to
neutral (low-arousal) words, whereas those to low-arousal negative words were longer. A similar pattern was observed in an
early time window of the ERP response: Both positive and high-arousal negative words elicited greater negative potentials
in a time frame of 80 to 120 msec after stimulus onset. This result suggests that arousal has a differential impact on early
lexical processing of positive and negative words. Source localization in the relevant time frame revealed that the arousal
effect in negative words is likely to be localized in a left occipito-temporal region including the middle temporal and fusiform
gyri. The ERP arousal effect appears to result from early lexico-semantic processing in high-arousal negative words. 相似文献
982.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the nature of auditory representations by manipulating the semantic and physical relationships between auditory objects. On each trial, listeners heard a group of four simultaneous sounds for 1 sec, followed by 350 msec of noise, and then either the same sounds or three of the same plus a new one. Listeners completed a change-detection task and an object-encoding task. For change detection, listeners made a same-different judgment for the two groups of sounds. Object encoding was measured by presenting probe sounds that either were or were not present in the two groups. In Experiments 1 and 3, changing the target to an object that was acoustically different from but semantically the same as the original target resulted in more errors on both tasks than when the target changed to an acoustically and semantically different object. In Experiment 2, comparison of semantic and acoustic effects demonstrated that acoustics provide a weaker cue than semantics for both change detection and object encoding. The results suggest that listeners rely more on semantic information than on physical detail.) 相似文献
983.
984.
A non-monotonic logic, the Logic of Plausible Reasoning (LPR), capable of coping with the demands of what we call complex reasoning, is introduced. It is argued that creative complex reasoning is the way of reasoning required in many instances of scientific
thought, professional practice and common life decision taking. For managing the simultaneous consideration of multiple scenarios
inherent in these activities, two new modalities, weak and strong plausibility, are introduced as part of the Logic of Plausible
Deduction (LPD), a deductive logic specially designed to serve as the monotonic support for LPR. Axiomatics and semantics
for LPD, together with a completeness proof, are provided. Once LPD has been given, LPR may be defined via a concept of extension
over LPD. Although the construction of LPR extensions is first presented in standard style, for the sake of comparison with
existing non-monotonic formalisms, alternative more elegant and intuitive ways for constructing non-monotonic LPR extensions
are also given and proofs of their equivalence are presented. 相似文献
985.
Past research has inconsistently distinguished the neural substrates of various types of working memory. Task design and individual performance differences are known to alter patterns of brain response during working-memory tasks. These task and individual differences may have produced discrepancies in imaging findings. This study of 50 healthy adults (M(age) = 19.6 yr., SD = .8) examined performance during various parametric manipulations of a verbal and spatial n-back working-memory task. Performance systematically dissociated on the basis of working-memory load, working memory type, and stimulus difficulty, with participants having greater accuracy but slower response time during conditions requiring verbal versus spatial working memory. These findings hold implications for cognitive and neuroimaging studies of verbal and spatial working memory and highlight the importance of considering both task design and individual behavior. 相似文献
986.
Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health services: a complementary perspective 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The need for cultural competence and the need for evidence-based practice in mental health services are major issues in contemporary discourse, especially in the psychological treatment of people of color. Although these 2 paradigms are complementary in nature, there is little cross-fertilization in the psychological literature. The present article illustrates the complementary nature of these 2 paradigms. A main point of convergence is related to the development of culturally adapted interventions in the move from efficacy research to effectiveness studies. The implications of cultural adaptations of empirically supported treatments for mental health services in terms of research and practice with ethnic/racial minority populations are discussed. 相似文献
987.
Attitudes toward suicide among Chinese people in Hong Kong 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Since suicide in Chinese people exhibits certain distinctive characteristics, it is important to develop indigenous measures to assess Chinese attitudes toward suicide that may be used to inform suicide reduction programs. Combining qualitative and quantitative methods, we developed a Hong Kong version of the Chinese Attitude toward Suicide Questionnaire (CASQ-HK) which assesses attitudes toward suicide, suicidal inclination under 12 hypothetical scenarios, and prior suicidal experience. A convenience sample of 1,226 people completed the self-report questionnaire. In keeping with Chinese tradition, respondents revealed both tolerant and condemning attitudes that varied with their sociodemographic characteristics. Generally, they were not strongly inclined to consider suicide in the presence of difficult scenarios. Female gender, older age, and the presence of suicidal ideation were associated with more contemplation of suicide. 相似文献
988.
Baseline Addiction Severity Index (5th ed.; ASI-5) data of 2,142 substance abuse patients were analyzed with two nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) methods: Mokken scaling and conditional covariance techniques. Nine reliable and dimensionally homogeneous Recent Problem indexes emerged in the ASI-5's seven areas, including two each in the Employment/Support and Family/Social Relationships areas. Lifetime Problem indexes were derived for five of the areas--Medical, Drug, Alcohol, Legal, and Psychiatric--but not for the Employment/Support and Family/Social Relationships areas. Correlational analyses conducted on a subsample of 586 patients revealed the indexes for the seven areas to be largely independent. At least moderate correlations were obtained between the Recent and Lifetime indexes within each area where both existed. Concurrent validity analyses conducted on this same subsample found meaningful relationships, except for the Employment/Support area. NIRT-based methods were able to add to findings produced previously by classical psychometric methods and appear to offer promise for the psychometric analysis of complex, mixed-format instruments such as the ASI-5. 相似文献
989.
Christopher Les Caldwell Arthur M. Horne Bernard Davidson William H. Quinn 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):443-459
Parenting practices are major influences on incidents of juvenile delinquency. Stress experienced by parents of children with
behavioral problems is a leading contributor to parenting practices. We investigated the extent to which parental stress was
reduced by participation in an established multiple group family intervention, the Family Solutions Program, developed to
reduce recidivism among juvenile offenders. We also examined parent stress by gender, ethnicity, dropout rates, intervention
benefits at 3-month follow-up, single- versus two-parent households, and across dimensions of family functioning and parent-adolescent
communication. Parents reported greater levels of parent stress than non-clinical parents prior to intervention. Parental
stress did diminish in response to intervention, but not until follow-up to intervention completion. No differences were found
on initial parent stress level between completers and non-completers of the intervention or between parent stress and gender
or ethnicity of the parent; however, single-parent household was associated with significantly higher levels of parent stress.
Family functioning was significantly negatively correlated with parental stress. Finally, open communication between juvenile
first offenders and their parents improved significantly in response to the intervention both at post-intervention and at
follow-up. 相似文献
990.
We report a novel finding on the relation of emotion and language. Covert manipulation of emotional facial posture interacts
with sentence valence when measuring the amount of time to judge valence (Experiment 1) and sensibility (Experiment 2) of
the sentence. In each case, an emotion-sentence compatibility effect is found: Judgment times are faster when facial posture
and sentence valence match than when they mismatch. We interpret the finding using a simulation account; that is, emotional
systems contribute to language comprehension much as they do in social interaction. Because the effect was not observed on
a lexical decision task using emotion-laden words (Experiment 3), we suggest that the emotion simulation affects comprehension
processes beyond initial lexical access. 相似文献