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831.
Knowledge structures and the acquisition of a complex skill 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The purpose of this study was to examine the viability of knowledge structures as an operationalization of learning in the context of a task that required a high degree of skill. Over the course of 3 days, 86 men participated in 9 training sessions and learned a complex video game. At the end of acquisition, participants' knowledge structures were assessed. After a 4-day nonpractice interval, trainees completed tests of skill retention and skill transfer. Findings indicated that the similarity of trainees' knowledge structures to an expert structure was correlated with skill acquisition and was predictive of skill retention and skill transfer. However, the magnitude of these effects was dependent on the method used to derive the expert referent structure. Moreover, knowledge structures mediated the relationship between general cognitive ability and skill-based performance. 相似文献
832.
Confluent paranoia in African American psychiatric patients: an empirical study of Ridley's typology
Whaley AL 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2002,111(4):568-577
This study examined Ridley's (1984) typology of paranoia in African Americans, which assumes orthogonal dimensions of culture and pathology in symptom expression. Median split of scores on the Cultural Mistrust Inventory and the scale of False Beliefs and Perceptions represented high and low levels of cultural paranoia and pathological paranoia, respectively. The 4 groups of Black patients were nonparanoia, cultural paranoia, pathological paranoia, and confluent paranoia. A Fenigstein Paranoia Scale manipulation check indicated that differences in paranoid symptom expression among the groups were partially supportive of Ridley's model, as were measures of perceptions of hostility and self-esteem. Omnibus tests of between-groups differences were significant for global assessment of functioning and number of symptoms recorded in patients' charts. Predicted pattern testing revealed a significant severity dimension in mean scores across paranoia groups for some measures of clinician-rated functioning but not others. SCID interviewers' ratings of cultural mistrust and number of times restrained (or secluded) were more consistent with a pattern representing a cultural dimension than a severity dimension across paranoia groups. Findings provide limited empirical validation of Ridley's typology of paranoia in African Americans. 相似文献
833.
Arthur Hastings 《Journal of Near-Death Studies》2002,21(2):77-98
William James's essay The Will to Believe proposed that we are sometimes justified, even obligated, to believe from our strong emotional or passional nature that something is true, even though there may not be total logical, evidential proof—which he also wrote is not to be found in this world. This essay explores situations, using a recent dear-death experience (NDE) example, in which there are reasonable evidence and logic, and yet belief seems to be withheld. I postulate and discuss nonrational influences producing resistance to belief, including the fear of being in error, the fear of rejection from the scientific community, irrational requirements of logicality, avoidance of consequences, and paradigm fixation. I also discuss issues in philosophy of science and epistemology in regard to proof. 相似文献
834.
Rapp DN Samuel AG 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2002,28(3):564-571
During on-line language production, speakers rapidly select a sequence of words to express their desired meaning. The current study examines whether this lexical selection is also dependent on the existing activation of surface properties of the words. Such surface properties clearly matter in various forms of wordplay, including poetry and musical lyrics. The experiments in this article explore whether language processing more generally is sensitive to these properties. Two experiments examined the interaction between phonological and semantic features for written and verbal productions. In Experiment 1, participants were given printed sentences with a missing word, and were asked to generate reasonable completions. The completions reflected both the semantic and the surface features of the preceding context. In Experiment 2, listeners heard sentence contexts, and were asked to rapidly produce a word to complete the utterance. These spontaneous completions again incorporated surface features activated by the context. The results suggest that lexical access in naturalistic language processing is influenced by an interaction between the surface and semantic features of language. 相似文献
835.
Markman AB Maddox WT 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2003,29(1):107-117
Most classification research focuses on cases in which each abstract feature has the same surface manifestation whenever it is presented. Previous research finds that people have difficulty learning to classify when each abstract feature has multiple surface manifestations. These studies created multiple manifestations by varying aspects of the stimuli irrelevant to the abstract feature dimension. In this article, multiple manifestations were created by varying aspects of the stimuli relevant to the abstract feature dimension. People given categories with the family resemblance category structure often used in psychology experiments had difficulty learning to classify when multiple manifestations were present, even though the variation was relevant. This effect was reversed when a family resemblance structure with nondiagnostic values was used. 相似文献
836.
Category use and category learning 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
Categorization models based on laboratory research focus on a narrower range of explanatory constructs than appears necessary for explaining the structure of natural categories. This mismatch is caused by the reliance on classification as the basis of laboratory studies. Category representations are formed in the process of interacting with category members. Thus, laboratory studies must explore a range of category uses. The authors review the effects of a variety of category uses on category learning. First, there is an extensive discussion contrasting classification with a predictive inference task that is formally equivalent to classification but leads to a very different pattern of learning. Then, research on the effects of problem solving, communication, and combining inference and classification is reviewed. 相似文献
837.
This article explores the cognitive underpinnings of interpersonal closeness in the theoretical context of "including other in the self" and, specifically, the notion of overlap between cognitive representations of self and close others. In each of three studies, participants first rated different traits for self, close others (e.g., romantic partner, best friend), and less close others (e.g., media personalities), followed by a surprise source recognition task (who was each trait rated for?). As predicted, in each study, there were more source confusions between traits rated for self and close others (e.g., a trait rated for self recalled as having been rated for the close other) than between self (or close others) and non-close others. Furthermore, several results suggest that the greater confusions between self and close others are due specifically to interpersonal closeness and not to greater familiarity or similarity with close others 相似文献
838.
Riopelle AJ 《The Journal of general psychology》2003,130(1):47-57
The author compared simulations of the "true" null hypothesis (zeta) test, in which sigma was known and fixed, with the t test, in which s, an estimate of sigma, was calculated from the sample because the t test was used to emulate the "true" test. The true null hypothesis test bears exclusively on calculating the probability that a sample distance (mean) is larger than a specified value. The results showed that the value of t was sensitive to sampling fluctuations in both distance and standard error. Large values of t reflect small standard errors when n is small. The value of t achieves sensitivity primarily to distance only when the sample sizes are large. One cannot make a definitive statement about the probability or "significance" of a distance solely on the basis of the value of t. 相似文献
839.
Immediately after a stimulus appears in the visual field, there is often a short period of facilitated processing of stimuli
at or near this location. This period is followed by one in which processing is impaired, rather than facilitated. This impairment
has been termed inhibition of return (IOR). In the present study, the time course of this phenomenon was examined in two ways.
(1) A graphical metaanalysis plotted the size of the effect as a function of the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of the two
stimuli. This analysis showed that IOR is impressively stable for SOAs of 300-1,600 msec. It also showed that the literature
does not provide any clear sense of the duration of IOR. (2) An empirical approach was, therefore, taken to fill this gap
in our knowledge of IOR. In three experiments, IOR was tested using SOAs between 600 and 4,200 msec. IOR was robust for approximately
3 sec and appeared to taper off after this point; the observed duration varied somewhat as a function of the testing conditions.
In addition, for the first second, the degree of inhibition was inversely related to distance of the target from the original
stimulus, but for the next 2 sec this spatial distribution was not observed. Theories of the mechanisms and function of IOR
must conform to these spatial and temporal properties. 相似文献
840.
The present study examined the organization of preparatory processes that underlie set switching and, more specifically, switch costs. On each trial, subjects performed one of two perceptual judgment tasks, color or shape discrimination. Subjects also responded with one of two different response sets. The task set and/or the response set switched from one to the other after 2-6 repeated trials. Response set, task set, and double set switches were performed in both blocked and randomized conditions. Subjects performed with short (100-msec) and long (800-msec) preparatory intervals. Task and response set switches had an additive effect on reaction times (RTs) in the blocked condition. Such a pattern of results suggests a serial organization of preparatory processes when the nature of switches is predictable. However, task and response set switches had an underadditive effect on RTs in the random condition when subjects performed with a brief cue-to-target interval. This pattern of results suggests overlapping task and response set preparation. These findings are discussed in terms of strategic control of preparatory processes in set switching. 相似文献