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21.
In everyday life, fast identification and processing of threat-related stimuli is of critical importance for survival. Previous studies suggested that spatial attention is automatically allocated to threatening stimuli, such as angry faces. However, in the previous studies the threatening stimuli were not completely irrelevant for the task. In the present study we used saccadic curvature to investigate whether attention is automatically allocated to threatening emotional information. Participants had to make an endogenous saccade up or down while an irrelevant face paired with an object was present in the periphery. The eyes curved away more from the angry faces than from either neutral or happy faces. This effect was not observed when the faces were inverted, excluding the possible role of low-level differences. Since the angry faces were completely irrelevant to the task, the results suggest that attention is automatically allocated to the threatening stimuli, which generates activity in the oculomotor system, and biases behaviour. 相似文献
22.
In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that perceptual load is the primary factor that determines the efficiency
of attentional selection. Participants performed a visual search task under conditions of high- and low-load. In line with
the perceptual load hypothesis, presenting conditions of highand low-load in separate blocks of trials resulted in processing
of to-be-ignored stimuli only in the lowload condition (Experiment 1). However when high- and low-load conditions were randomly
mixed in blocks of trials, the participants showed processing of to-be-ignored stimuli in both conditions, suggesting that
high perceptual load is not necessarily sufficient to obtain perceptual selectivity (Experiment 2). An analysis of intertrial
transition effects showed that on high-load trials, processing of to-be-ignored stimuli occurred only when the previous trial
was a low-load trial. The results suggest that low perceptual load can engender broad attentional processing. On the other
hand, when a high-load trial was preceded by another high-load trial, little processing of task-irrelevant stimuli was observed.
The present results are discussed in terms of the interaction between expectancies and bottom-up factors in the efficiency
of attentional selection. 相似文献
23.
Maria Grazia Tosto Gabrielle Garon-Carrier Susan Gross Stephen A. Petrill Sergey Malykh Karim Malki Sara A. Hart Lee Thompson Rezhaw L. Karadaghi Nikita Yakovlev Tatiana Tikhomirova John E. Opfer Michèle M. M. Mazzocco Ginette Dionne Mara Brendgen Frank Vitaro Richard E. Tremblay Michel Boivin Yulia Kovas 《The British journal of educational psychology》2019,89(4):787-803
24.
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to a bias against overt and covert attentional orienting toward previously attended locations. According to the reorienting hypothesis, IOR is generated when attention is withdrawn from the attended location and is prevented from “returning” to it. The present study investigated whether maintenance of attention at the cued location could affect the inhibition of oculomotor orienting to it. To preclude disengagement of attention, we asked participants to maintain the cued location in working memory. Maintenance of visuospatial information in memory has been shown to be accomplished through a sustained shift of spatial attention to a memorized location. Our results show that oculomotor IOR occurs at a particular location even when that location is kept in working memory (Experiment 1). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the mere act of maintenance of a location in working memory produces oculomotor inhibition similar to IOR (Experiments 2 and 3). We conclude that the oculomotor system is used for coding and maintaining locations in spatial working memory. In addition, we demonstrate that endogenous attention associated with maintenance of a location in working memory can be dissociated from the attention needed for execution of a saccadic eye movement. 相似文献
25.
Researchers have proposed that during visual search, a color singleton cannot capture attention in a bottom-up fashion (Jonides
& Yantis, 1988). In the present study, we manipulated the size of the attentional window by asking participants to detect
either a global (diffuse attention) or a local (focused attention) shape before starting the search for a nonsingleton target.
We demonstrate that increasing the size of attentional window causes the observers to frequently orient to an irrelevant color
singleton. We conclude that although the size of attentional window might be under a top-down control, within the attentional
window, an irrelevant salient singleton can capture attention in a bottom-up fashion. 相似文献
26.
This paper reviews the recent findings on working memory, attention and eye movements. We discuss the research that shows that many phenomena related to visual attention taking place when selecting relevant information from the environment are similar to processes needed to keep information active in working memory. We discuss new data that show that when retrieving information from working memory, people may allocate visual spatial attention to the empty location in space that used to contain the information that has to be retrieved. Moreover, we show that maintaining a location in working memory not only may involve attention rehearsal, but might also recruit the oculomotor system. Recent findings seem to suggest that remembering a location may involve attention-based rehearsal in higher brain areas, while at the same time there is inhibition of specific motor programs at lower brain areas. We discuss the possibility that working memory functions do not reside at a special area in the brain, but emerge from the selective recruitment of brain areas that are typically involved in spatial attention and motor control. 相似文献
27.
Artem V. Belopolsky Daniel Schreij Jan Theeuwes 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2010,72(2):326-341
In the present study, we explored the mechanisms involved in the contingent capture phenomenon, using a variant of the classic precuing paradigm of Folk, Remington, and Johnston (1992). Rather than keeping the target fixed over a whole block of trials (as has traditionally been done with contingent capture experiments), we encouraged participants to adopt a top-down set before each trial. If top-down attentional set determines which property captures attention, as is claimed by the contingent capture hypothesis, one would expect that only properties that match the top-down set would capture attention. We showed that even though participants knew what the target would be on the upcoming trial, both relevant and irrelevant properties captured attention (Experiment 1). An intertrial analysis (Experiments 1 and 2) showed that previous contingent capture findings may, to a large extent, be explained by intertrial priming. In addition, when participants were further forced into adopting the required top-down set (Experiments 3 and 4), irrelevant cues were suppressed, suggesting that top-down control might operate through disengagement of attention from the location of a property that does not match top-down goals. The present findings suggest that top-down control and intertrial priming make their own distinct contributions to the contingent capture phenomenon. 相似文献
28.
There is an ongoing debate as to whether prioritizing new objects over old objects (the so-calledpreview benefit) is the result of top-down inhibition of old objects (i.e., visual marking; Watson & Humphreys, 1997) or attentional allocation
to new objects, presented with a luminance transient (Donk & Theeuwes, 2001). In the two experiments reported here, we tested
whether prioritization by luminance transients alone can produce a subset-selective search similar to the preview effect.
Subjects viewed multiobject displays while a subset of objects was briefly flashed. The subjects prioritized up to 14 flashed
objects over at least 14 nonflashed objects. Since prioritization by luminance transients can produce a subsetselective search
on its own, it may well play an important role in the preview benefit. 相似文献