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151.
152.
The mental model theory predicts that reasoners normally represent what is true, but not what is false. One consequence is that reasoners should make “illusory” inferences, which are compelling but invalid. Three experiments confirmed the existence of such illusions based on disjunctions of disjunctions. They also established a successful antidote to them: Reasoners are much less likely to succumb to illusions if the inferences concern disjunctions of physical objects (alternative newspaper advertisements) rather disjunctions of the truth values of assertions. The results shed light both on the cause of the illusions and on the current controversy among different theories of reasoning. 相似文献
153.
Navarrete CD 《The Behavioral and brain sciences》2012,35(2):89-90
Group assortative biases are stronger in regions where pathogen stress has been historically prevalent. Pushing the logic of this approach, extensions should include investigations of how cultural norms related to prosociality and relational striving may also covary with regional pathogen stress. Likewise, the pan-specific observation that diseased animals show decreased motor activity to facilitate recovery suggests that norms relevant to sickness behaviors may also vary as a function of regional parasite stress. 相似文献
154.
de Oliveira AR Reimer AE de Macedo CE de Carvalho MC Silva MA Brandão ML 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2011,95(1):37-45
Excitation of the mesocorticolimbic pathway, originating from dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), may be important for the development of exaggerated fear responding. Among the forebrain regions innervated by this pathway, the amygdala is an essential component of the neural circuitry of conditioned fear. The functional role of the dopaminergic pathway connecting the VTA to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in fear and anxiety has received little attention. In vivo microdialysis was performed to measure dopamine levels in the BLA of Wistar rats that received the dopamine D(2) agonist quinpirole (1 μg/0.2 μl) into the VTA and were subjected to a fear conditioning test using a light as the conditioned stimulus (CS). The effects of intra-BLA injections of the D(1) antagonist SCH 23390 (1 and 2 μg/0.2 μl) and D(2) antagonist sulpiride (1 and 2 μg/0.2 μl) on fear-potentiated startle (FPS) to a light-CS were also assessed. Locomotor performance was evaluated by use of open-field and rotarod tests. Freezing and increased dopamine levels in the BLA in response to the CS were both inhibited by intra-VTA quinpirole. Whereas intra-BLA SCH 23390 did not affect FPS, intra-BLA sulpiride (2 μg) inhibited FPS. Sulpiride's ability to decrease FPS cannot be attributed to nonspecific effects because this drug did not affect motor performance. These findings indicate that the dopamine D(2) receptor pathway connecting the ventral tegmental area and the basolateral amygdala modulates fear and anxiety and may be a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of anxiety. 相似文献
155.
This article introduces the software program called EthoSeq, which is designed to extract probabilistic behavioral sequences
(tree-generated sequences, or TGSs) from observational data and to prepare a TGS-species matrix for phylogenetic analysis.
The program uses Graph Theory algorithms to automatically detect behavioral patterns within the observational sessions. It
includes filtering tools to adjust the search procedure to user-specified statistical needs. Preliminary analyses of data
sets, such as grooming sequences in birds and foraging tactics in spiders, uncover a large number of TGSs which together yield
single phylogenetic trees. An example of the use of the program is our analysis of felid grooming sequences, in which we have
obtained 1,386 felid grooming TGSs for seven species, resulting in a single phylogeny. These results show that behavior is
definitely useful in phylogenetic analysis. EthoSeq simplifies and automates such analyses, uncovers much of the hidden patterns
of long behavioral sequences, and prepares this data for further analysis with standard phylogenetic programs. We hope it
will encourage many empirical studies on the evolution of behavior. 相似文献
156.
Rafael Aleixandre-Benavent Gregorio González-Alcaide Alberto Miguel-Dasit Carolina Navarro-Molina Juan Carlos Valderrama-Zurián 《Cognitive processing》2006,7(1):65-65
Call for Papers
Third International Conference on Spatial Cognition: “Dynamics in Spatial Interactions”. Rome - Perugia, Italy: September 12th–15th 2006. www.icsc2006.org - committee@icsc2006.org 相似文献157.
In three experiments, we assessed the effects of type of relation and memory test on retrieval-induced forgetting of facts. In Experiments 1 and 2, eight sets of four shared-subject sentences were presented for study. They were constructed so that half were thematically related and half were unrelated. A retrieval practice phase required participants to recall a subset of the studied sentences. In the final test, the participants were prompted to recall all the sentences (character cued in Experiment 1 and character plus stem cued in Experiment 2). The results showed that the retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) effect was similar for thematically related and unrelated sentences, indicating that the presence of episodic relations among the sentences was sufficient to produce the effect. In Experiment 3, a recognition task was introduced and the RIF effect emerged in accuracy as well as in latency measures. The presence of this effect with item-specific cues is difficult to accommodate for noninhibitory theories of retrieval. 相似文献
158.
159.
Both the speed and accuracy of responding are important measures of performance. A well-known interpretive difficulty is that
participants may differ in their strategy, trading speed for accuracy, with no change in underlying competence. Another difficulty
arises when participants respond slowly and inaccurately (rather than quickly but inaccurately), e.g., due to a lapse of attention.
We introduce an approach that combines response time and accuracy information and addresses both situations. The modeling
framework assumes two latent competing processes. The first, the error-free process, always produces correct responses. The
second, the guessing process, results in all observed errors and some of the correct responses (but does so via non-specific
processes, e.g., guessing in compliance with instructions to respond on each trial). Inferential summaries of the speed of
the error-free process provide a principled assessment of cognitive performance reducing the influences of both fast and slow
guesses. Likelihood analysis is discussed for the basic model and extensions. The approach is applied to a data set on response
times in a working memory test.
The authors wish to thank Roger Ratcliff, Christopher Chabris, and three anonymous referees for their helpful comments, and
Aureliu Lavric for providing the data analyzed in this paper. 相似文献
160.