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281.
Aaron S Hervey Jeffery N Epstein John F Curry Simon Tonev L Eugene Arnold C Keith Conners Stephen P Hinshaw James M Swanson Lily Hechtman 《Child neuropsychology》2006,12(2):125-140
Differences in reaction time (RT) variability have been documented between children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Most previous research has utilized estimates of normal distributions to examine variability. Using a nontraditional approach, the present study evaluated RT distributions on the Conners' Continuous Performance Test in children and adolescents from the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD sample compared to a matched sample of normal controls (n = 65 pairs). The ex-Gaussian curve was used to model RT and RT variability. Children with ADHD demonstrated faster RT associated with the normal portion of the curve and a greater proportion of abnormally slow responses associated with the exponential portion of the curve. These results contradict previous interpretation that children with ADHD have slower than normal responding and demonstrate why slower RT is found when estimates of variability assume normal Gaussian distributions. Further, results of this study suggest that the greater number of abnormally long RTs of children with ADHD reflect attentional lapses on some but not all trials. 相似文献
282.
Sukhodolsky DG Scahill L Gadow KD Arnold LE Aman MG McDougle CJ McCracken JT Tierney E Williams White S Lecavalier L Vitiello B 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(1):117-128
Background In addition to the core symptoms, children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) often exhibit other problem behaviors
such as aggression, hyperactivity, and anxiety, which can contribute to overall impairment and, therefore, become the focus
of clinical attention. Limited data are available on the prevalence of anxiety in these children. We examined frequency and
correlates of parent-rated anxiety symptoms in a large sample of children with PDD.
Methods The goals of this study were to examine the frequency and correlates of parent-rated anxiety symptoms in a sample of 171 medication-free
children with PDD who participated in two NIH-funded medication trials. Twenty items of the Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory
(CASI) were used to measure anxiety.
Results Forty three percent of the total sample met screening cut-off criteria for at least one anxiety disorder. Higher levels of
anxiety on the 20-item CASI scale were associated with higher IQ, the presence of functional language use, and with higher
levels of stereotyped behaviors. In children with higher IQ, anxiety was also associated with greater impairment in social
reciprocity.
Conclusion Anxiety is common in PDD and warrants consideration in clinical evaluation and treatment planning. This study suggests that
parent ratings could be a useful source of information about anxiety symptoms in this population. Some anxiety symptoms such
as phobic and social anxiety may be closer to core symptoms of PDD. Further efforts to validate tools to ascertain anxiety
are needed, as are studies to empirically test approaches to treat anxiety in PDD. 相似文献
283.
284.
A. E. Butt J. A. Schultz L. L. Arnold E. E. Garman C. L. George P. E. Garraghty 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2003,38(4):253-271
Rats with selective lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) and sham-lesion control animals were tested in an
operant appetitive-to-aversive transfer task. We hypothesized that NBM lesions would not affect performance in the appetitive
phase, but that performance would be impaired during subsequent transfer to the aversive phase of the task. Additional groups
of NBM lesion and control rats were tested in the avoidance condition only, where we hypothesized that NBM lesions would not
disrupt performance. These hypotheses were based, on the argument that the NBM is not necessary for simple association learning
that does not tax attention. Both the appetitive phase of the transfer task and the avoidance only task depend only on simple
associative learning and are argued not to tax attention. Consequently, performance in these tasks was predicted to be spared
following NBM lesions. Complex, attention-demanding associative learning, however, is argued to depend on the NBM. Performance,
in the aversive phase of the transfer task is both attentionally demanding and associatively more complex than in either the
appetitive or aversive tasks alone; thus, avoidance performance in the NBM lesion group was predicted to be impaired following
transfer from prior appetitive conditioning. Results supported our hypotheses, with the NBM lesion group acquiring the appetitive
response normally, but showing impaired performance following transfer to the aversive conditioning phase of the transfer
task. Impairments were not attributable to disrupted avoidance learning per se, as avoidance behavior was normal in the NBM
lesion group tested in the avoidance condition only. 相似文献
285.
John Arnold John Loan-Clarke Adrian Wilkinson Diane Preston 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2006,69(3):374-390
We tested the capacity of an extended version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to account for intentions to work for the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) as a nurse, physiotherapist or radiographer amongst three groups: professionally unqualified (N = 507), in professional training (N = 244), and professionally qualified (N = 227). We found strong support for the three core TPB variables attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control as predictors of behavioral intention, and limited support for two additional variables: moral obligation and identification. There were some differences in the relative importance of TPB variables between groups. We conclude that the TPB has utility for more complex behaviors as well as simpler ones that are more frequently researched. However, more attention should be paid to differences in people’s circumstances, particularly regarding past vocational decisions and behavior, and to obstacles to implementing an intention. 相似文献
286.
287.
Philip P. Arnold 《Religion》2002,32(4):337
Examples of Native American websites reveal great differences in those created by Native and non-Native people. Most often of central concern for non-Indian people is Native American ‘spirituality’. In contrast, Native people rarely discuss religion as a topic distinct from political, economic or material concerns. This disparity highlights the contentious nature of ‘religion’ between Indigenous and Immigrant cultural contexts. It also reveals some features of the relationships between the cultural phenomenon of ‘whiteness’ and religion. 相似文献
288.
Elke Geraerts D. Stephen Lindsay Harald Merckelbach Marko Jelicic Linsey Raymaekers Michelle M. Arnold Jonathan W. Schooler 《Psychological science》2009,20(1):92-98
ABSTRACT— People sometimes report recovering long-forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse. The memory mechanisms that lead to such reports are not well understood, and the authenticity of recovered memories has often been challenged. We identified two subgroups of people reporting recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse. These subgroups differed dramatically in their cognitive profiles: People who recovered memories of abuse through suggestive therapy exhibited a heightened susceptibility to the construction of false memories, but showed no tendency to underestimate their prior remembering. Conversely, people who recovered memories of abuse spontaneously showed a heightened proneness to forget prior incidences of remembering, but exhibited no increased susceptibility to false memories. This double dissociation points to mechanisms that underlie recovered-memory experiences and indicates that recovered memories may at times be fictitious and may at other times be authentic. 相似文献
289.
290.
Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Despoina Xanthopoulou Arnold B. Bakker Evangelia Demerouti Wilmar B. Schaufeli 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2009,74(3):235-244
This study examined longitudinal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. On the basis of Conservation of Resources theory, we hypothesized that job resources, personal resources, and work engagement are reciprocal over time. The study was conducted among 163 employees, who were followed-up over a period of 18 months on average. Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our hypotheses. Specifically, we found that T1 job and personal resources related positively to T2 work engagement. Additionally, T1 work engagement related positively to T2 job and personal resources. The model that fit best was the reciprocal model, which showed that not only resources and work engagement but also job and personal resources were mutually related. These findings support the assumption of Conservation of Resources theory that various types of resources and well-being evolve into a cycle that determines employees’ successful adaptation to their work environments. 相似文献