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151.
Previous studies on the development of coping have shown rather inconsistent findings regarding the developmental trajectories for different coping dimensions. The aim of this study is to search for possible influences that might explain these inconsistencies. The analysis focuses on methodological influences (longitudinal vs. cross-sectional assessments) and situational influences. Two samples of children were traced longitudinally with yearly assessments from grade 2 to 5 (sample 1, N =432) and from grade 4 to 7 (sample 2, N =366). A third sample (N =849) was added with cross-sectional assessments from grade 2 to 7. The assessed coping dimensions were related to (a) problem solving, (b) seeking social support, (c) palliative coping, (d) externalizing emotional coping, and (e) avoidant coping. The use of the coping strategies had to be assessed for six stress-evoking situations. The results show only small differences between the longitudinal and the cross-sectional coping assessments. There are, however, clear situational influences on the choice of the coping strategies and also on the resulting developmental trajectories. 相似文献
152.
Cynthia R. Johnson Benjamin L. Handen Eric Butter Ann Wagner James Mulick Denis G. Sukhodolsky Susan Williams Naomi A. Swiezy L. Eugene Arnold Michael G. Aman Lawrence Scahill Kimberly A. Stigler Christopher J. McDougle Benedetto Vitiello Tristram Smith 《Behavioral Interventions》2007,22(3):201-221
Parent delivered interventions based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) for children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) have been evaluated using primarily single‐subject design methodology or small case series. While the results of these evaluations are encouraging, an important next step is to standardize the interventions to allow for replication across sites, in studies with large samples and measures of long‐term, clinically meaningful outcomes such as improvements in children's functioning and their relationships with parents. Accordingly, the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Psychosocial Interventions (RUPP Autism Network) assembled a detailed manual for a structured behavioral parent training (PT) program, developed treatment fidelity and training procedures, and conducted a pilot, feasibility study. The PT program is part of a large scale, multisite study intended to determine the efficacy of combined pharmacological treatment and behavioral intervention to improve behavior and adaptive functioning in children with PDD. This paper discusses the rationale for this project. A companion paper provides the results of our feasibility study on the PT program. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
153.
Carlos David Navarrete reas Olsson Arnold K. Ho Wendy Berry Mendes Lotte Thomsen James Sidanius 《Psychological science》2009,20(2):155-158
ABSTRACT— Conditioning studies on humans and other primates show that fear responses acquired toward danger-relevant stimuli, such as snakes, resist extinction, whereas responses toward danger-irrelevant stimuli, such as birds, are more readily extinguished. Similar evolved biases may extend to human groups, as recent research demonstrates that a conditioned fear response to faces of persons of a social out-group resists extinction, whereas fear toward a social in-group is more readily extinguished. Here, we provide an important extension to previous work by demonstrating that this fear-extinction bias occurs solely when the exemplars are male. These results underscore the importance of considering how gender of the target stimulus affects psychological and physiological responses to out-group threat. 相似文献
154.
Dr Despoina Xanthopoulou Arnold B. Bakker Evangelia Demerouti Wilmar B. Schaufeli 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2009,82(1):183-200
This study investigates how daily fluctuations in job resources (autonomy, coaching, and team climate) are related to employees' levels of personal resources (self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, and optimism), work engagement, and financial returns. Forty‐two employees working in three branches of a fast‐food company completed a questionnaire and a diary booklet over 5 consecutive workdays. Consistent with hypotheses, multi‐level analyses revealed that day‐level job resources had an effect on work engagement through day‐level personal resources, after controlling for general levels of personal resources and engagement. Day‐level coaching had a direct positive relationship with day‐level work engagement, which, in‐turn, predicted daily financial returns. Additionally, previous days' coaching had a positive, lagged effect on next days' work engagement (through next days' optimism), and on next days' financial returns. 相似文献
155.
Trehub A 《Consciousness and cognition》2009,18(1):339-40; discussion 341
Contra Praetorius (2009), I present two brief arguments which support the existence within the human brain of a pre-reflective core self. 相似文献
156.
Stephanie Danner Mary A. Fristad L. Eugene Arnold Eric A. Youngstrom Boris Birmaher Sarah M. Horwitz Christine Demeter Robert L. Findling Robert A. Kowatch The LAMS Group 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(3):271-293
Since the mid 1990s, early-onset bipolar spectrum disorders (BPSDs) have received increased attention in both the popular
press and scholarly press. Rates of diagnosis of BPSD in children and adolescents have increased in inpatient, outpatient,
and primary care settings. BPSDs remain difficult to diagnose, particularly in youth. The current diagnostic system makes
few modifications to accommodate children and adolescents. Researchers in this area have developed specific BPSD definitions
that affect the generalizability of their findings to all youth with BPSD. Despite knowledge gains from the research, BPSDs
are still difficult to diagnose because clinicians must: (1) consider the impact of the child’s developmental level on symptom
presentation (e.g., normative behavior prevalence, environmental limitations on youth behavior, pubertal status, irritability,
symptom duration); (2) weigh associated impairment and course of illness (e.g., neurocognitive functioning, failing to meet
full DSM criteria, future impairment); and (3) make decisions about appropriate assessment (differentiating BPSD from medical
illnesses, medications, drug use, or other psychiatric diagnoses that might better account for symptoms; comorbid disorders;
informant characteristics and assessment measures to use). Research findings concerning these challenges and relevant recommendations
are offered. Areas for further research to guide clinicians’ assessment of children with early-onset BPSD are highlighted.
Principal Investigators and Coinvestigators of Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) Group are listed in Appendix. 相似文献
157.
Adam Rutland Rupert J. Brown Lindsey Cameron Anni Ahmavaara Katie Arnold Jenni Samson 《European journal of social psychology》2007,37(1):171-190
Two studies were conducted that go beyond previous research by examining when and why children might show intergroup bias in the attribution of positive, but not negative traits (PNAE: the positive–negative asymmetry effect, Mummendey & Otten, 1998, European review of social psychology, Vol. 9). In Study 1 (n = 107) children completed a ‘mixed’ trait attribution task in a dichotomous group context. As predicted there was a developmental trend between 7 and 12 years of age in the PNAE. The 7‐year olds were the only age group not to show the effect. Study 1 also found a quadratic developmental trend in children's national intergroup bias. Study 2 (n = 62) replicated the developmental path of the PNAE found in Study 1 using a wider age range of 6–16 years. This study used a ‘mixed’ list of traits which were not only antonyms and a procedure that made the positive and negative trait dimensions explicitly independent. Significantly, Study 2 found in‐group exclusion norm partially mediated the development of the PNAE. These findings support an account of the positive–negative asymmetry effect based upon normative processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
158.
Peter P. M. Janssen Arnold B. Bakker Ad de Jong 《International journal of stress management》2001,8(4):315-332
This study aims at a test and further refinement of the Demand–Control–Support (DCS) model among construction workers (N = 210). On the basis of theory and empirical evidence, we hypothesized that mental or physical job demands, low job control, and lack of social support at work have direct and synergistic effects on burnout. The model was expanded by hypothesizing that burnout mediates the relationships between these potentially demanding working conditions on the one hand, and health complaints on the other. Results of a series of structural equation analyses partly supported these hypotheses. The proposed model fitted adequately to the data, although some variables in the DCS model did not make a unique contribution to explaining variance in burnout and (indirectly) health complaints. Interestingly, lack of social support was the most important determinant of burnout and health complaints among construction workers. In addition, a significant three-way interaction effect partly confirmed the synergism hypothesis: Physical demands were only related to burnout if participants had poor job control and reported high social support. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
159.
160.
Robert P. Archer Arnold L. Stolberg Raymont A. Gordon William R. Goldman 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1986,14(1):181-190
The relationship of parent personality to child psychopathology has been investigated in numerous MMPI studies over the past three decades. Very few of these studies, however, have directly analyzed MMPI response patterns of both parents and offspring. The current study included the MMPI responses of 199 families with adolescents entering inpatient and outpatient psychiatric setting (N = 542). Inpatient parents and adolescents had significantly higher mean scores across a variety of MMPI scales than did their outpatient counterparts. The linear combination of adolescent and maternal MMPI scale data, in a stepwise discriminative function analysis, resulted in accurate classification of 75% of all children in inpatient treatment and 74% of all children assigned to outpatient treatment. Findings were discussed in terms of salient MMPI differences between inpatient and outpatient families and shared psychopathological characteristics among family members with offspring in psychiatric treatment settings. 相似文献