Creep behaviour of ice single crystals loaded in torsion explained by dislocation cross-slip

Torsion creep experiments are carried out in order to understand the physics of ice plasticity. A dislocation spreading mechanism based on double cross-slip of basal dislocations is proposed to explain the strong plastic anisotropy and the power law relationship between stress and strain rates. The scenario is tested using three-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulations. Numerical investigations give a stress exponent n?=?2.3 in agreement with experimental measurements. This dislocation spreading mechanism sheds a new light on the interpretation of former experimental observations.     

Treinta y cinco años del pensamiento divergente: teoría de la creatividad de Guilford

Resumen

Se analiza cómo ha evolucionado el concepto de pensamiento divergente en la teoría de Guilford. Las primeras definiciones en el año 50 dentro del marco del «Proyecto de Investigación de Aptitudes» postulan una serie de rasgos distintivos para el pensamiento divergente que luego serían objeto de confirmación o refutación a partir de los estudios factoriales.

Dentro del modelo de la «Estructura del Intelecto» de Guilford, se ha ido delimitando la importancia de tales rasgos modificando la definición inicial de algunos, como la sensibilidad a los problemas que, aunque fue concebida como un factor de evaluación, finalmente su definición factorial es de una aptitud de conocimiento; rechazando la importancia de otros para la creatividad, como los factores de análisis y síntesis o, finalmente potenciando otros que inicialmente tuvieron menor consideración, como las aptitudes para las transformaciones que, son consideradas por Guilford como una contribución tan importante para la creatividad como la producción divergente.     

Emotional responses to honour situations in Turkey and the northern USA

The main goal of the current research is to investigate emotional reactions to situations that implicate honour in Turkish and northern American cultural groups. In Studies 1A and 1B, participants rated the degree to which a variety of events fit their prototypes for honour-related situations. Both Turkish and American participants evaluated situations generated by their co-nationals as most central to their prototypes of honour-related situations. Study 2 examined emotional responses to Turkish or US-generated situations that varied in centrality to the prototype. Highly central situations and Turkish-generated situations elicited stronger emotions than less central situations and US-generated situations. Americans reported higher levels of positive emotions in response to honour-enhancing situations than did Turkish participants. These findings demonstrate that the prototypes of honour relevant situations differ for Turkish and northern American people, and that Turkish honour relevant situations are more emotion-laden than are northern American honour relevant situations.     

Modus Tollens,Modus Shmollens: Contrapositive reasoning and the pragmatics of negation

The utterance of a negative statement invites the pragmatic inference that some reason exists for the proposition it negates to be true; this pragmatic inference paves the way for the logically unexpected Modus Shmollens inference: “If p then q; not-q; therefore, p.” Experiment 1 shows that a majority of reasoners endorse Modus Shmollens from an explicit major conditional premise and a negative utterance as a minor premise: e.g., reasoners conclude that “the soup tastes like garlic” from the premises “If a soup tastes like garlic, then there is garlic in the soup; Carole tells Didier that there is no garlic in the soup they are eating.” Experiment 2 shows that this effect is mediated by the derivation of a pragmatic inference from negation. We discuss how theories of conditional reasoning can integrate such a pragmatic effect.     

Emotions,narrative and change

There is a wide agreement that emotions are central to the evaluation and understanding of change processes in psychotherapy. Unfortunately, most of the debate on the role of emotions has been influenced by the reductionist view of ‘psychophysiological symbolism’ (Averill 1996). We defend the position that, in order to understand their role in psychotherapy fully, we need to move in the direction of a more complex view of emotions. This paper presents a view of emotionsas social constructed phenomena operating via language and narrative. We present research suggesting that these narratives may be an essential process for understanding psychological disorders, how these disorders are developed and, finally, how they can be changed.     

Letter and Category Fluency in Normal Elderly Participants: a Population-Based Study

We studied variables influencing category and letter fluency in a large population-based sample of elderly participants. Letter and category fluency tasks were administered to 1133 unselected non-demented elderly participants in the Paquid cohort on normal and pathological aging. Age, education, principal lifetime occupation and depressive symptomatology independently influenced both category and letter fluency, while gender influenced only category fluency. A conceptualization measure (similarities) was found to influence fluency results mostly through education and prior occupation.     

Experimental philosophers,conceptual analysts,and the rest of us

Abstract

Theories of personal identity purport to specify truth conditions for sentences of the form ‘x‐at‐t_i is the same person as y‐at‐t_j. Most philosophers nowadays agree that such truth conditions are to be stated in terms of psychological continuity. However; opinions vary as to how the notion of psychological continuity is to be understood. In a recent contribution to this journal, Slors offers an account in which psychological continuity is spelled out in terms of narrative connectedness between mental states.The present paper argues that Slors’ theory either is no theory of personal identity at all or is too weak.Towards the end of the paper, it is indicated how the problem uncovered for Slors’ theory may be avoided.     

Morality and behavioural regulation in groups: A social identity approach

In recent years social psychologists have displayed a growing interest in examining morality—what people consider right and wrong. The majority of work in this area has addressed this either in terms of individual-level processes (relating to moral decision making or interpersonal impression formation) or as a way to explain intergroup relations (perceived fairness of status differences, responses to group-level moral transgressions). We complement this work by examining how moral standards and moral judgements play a role in the regulation of individual behaviour within groups and social systems. In doing this we take into account processes of social identification and self-categorisation, as these help us to understand how adherence to moral standards may be functional as a way to improve group-level conceptions of self. We review a recent research programme in which we have investigated the importance of morality for group-based identities and intra-group behavioural regulation. This reveals convergent evidence of the centrality of moral judgements for people’s conceptions of the groups they belong to, and demonstrates the importance of group-specific moral norms in identifying behaviours that contribute to their identity as group members.     

A WAR OF MEMORIES

This article discusses Renzo De Felice’s Intervista sul Fascismo, published in 1975, as representative of a particular memory in the Italy of that time and considers its influence and impact on the subsequent historiographical and political discourse in Italy about fascism, the War of Liberation, and the Shoah. The starting point is the existence of many competing memories that battle with one another for supremacy. The very diversity of these memories – silent, always contemporary but different – sends one back to the agent par excellence of memory formation: politics. Because the memories of fascism, the war, the Resistance, and the Shoah represent essentially political structures, they are fated to vary in response to the definitions of the diverse identity groups that are dominant in a society in the struggle for the emergence of one memory at the expense of the others.