排序方式: 共有56条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
31.
Irene A. Kuling Armin Kohlrausch James F. Juola 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(7):1583-1599
The integration of visual and auditory inputs in the human brain works properly only if the components are perceived in close temporal proximity. In the present study, we quantified cross-modal interactions in the human brain for audiovisual stimuli with temporal asynchronies, using a paradigm from rhythm perception. In this method, participants had to align the temporal position of a target in a rhythmic sequence of four markers. In the first experiment, target and markers consisted of a visual flash or an auditory noise burst, and all four combinations of target and marker modalities were tested. In the same-modality conditions, no temporal biases and a high precision of the adjusted temporal position of the target were observed. In the different-modality conditions, we found a systematic temporal bias of 25–30 ms. In the second part of the first and in a second experiment, we tested conditions in which audiovisual markers with different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) between the two components and a visual target were used to quantify temporal ventriloquism. The adjusted target positions varied by up to about 50 ms and depended in a systematic way on the SOA and its proximity to the point of subjective synchrony. These data allowed testing different quantitative models. The most satisfying model, based on work by Maij, Brenner, and Smeets (Journal of Neurophysiology 102, 490–495, 2009), linked temporal ventriloquism and the percept of synchrony and was capable of adequately describing the results from the present study, as well as those of some earlier experiments. 相似文献
32.
Intersession process in psychotherapy refers to the thoughts, memories, and feelings about each other and about their therapy sessions that participants experience during the intervals between sessions. This study compared the intersession process experienced by patients who had been diagnosed with severe borderline personality disorders (BPD) with others who had not. A total of 76 patients with neurotic disturbances and 20 patients with BPD were treated in a therapeutic day clinic and completed the Intersession Experience Questionnaire (IEQ) before sessions of individual psychotherapy and the Session Questionnaire (Stundenbogen) after those sessions. Comparison of the two groups on these measures of intersession process and postsession outcome showed markedly different patterns in patients' evaluations and internalizations of in-session therapeutic experiences: most prominently, that BPD patients internalize therapy sessions with much more negative and contradictory emotions. 相似文献
33.
Armin Wildermuth 《Studies in East European Thought》1976,16(3-4):175-194
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
34.
35.
Grunwald A 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(2):181-196
The role of ethics in technology development has been often questioned, especially in the early days of societal reflection
of technology. However, the situation has changed dramatically. Ethical consideration now is generally declared to be indispensable
in shaping technology in a socially acceptable and sustainable way. The expectations of ethics are large; often even a kind
of “New Ethics” is postulated. In the present paper an over-estimation of the role of ethics for technology development is
rejected. It is argued that ethical reflection is, indeed, indispensable in certain problem areas and situation types; but
there is, on the other hand, space for technology development free from the requirement for ethical reflection. The absence
of a requirement for ethical reflection, however, always has to be considered relative to some “morale provisoire” (provisional
morality) as an accepted normative framework within which technology development may occur without explicit ethical reflection.
If this framework, however, is doubted or is shown to be insufficient the situation changes completely. Ethical reflection
in this case becomes necessary, to consider this normative framework in order to offer modifications or supplements. 相似文献
36.
Armin Grunwald 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(2):239-259
Suumary
The constitutive role of technology in the constructive theory of science. Consequences for the philosophy of technology. Technology plays an important role in the constructivistic reconstructions of the natural sciences. However, there is no
in-depth view or thorough explication of the term “technology” and its connotations and relations in those exercises. Technology,
there, is seen as a more or less evident part of the lifeworld’s A priori of the natural sciences. This paper is dedicated to the reconstruction of the function of technology in the argumentations
chains and proto-theories which shall, in the constructivistic (methodical) theory of sciences, provide the methodical fundament
of the sciences. In a second step, the aspects of technology are identified which are indispensable to fulfil the functions
of technology in the argumentation chains mentioned above. Finally, these aspects are related to current debates in the philosophy
of technology. 相似文献
37.
Patrick Gomez Armin von Gunten Brigitta Danuser 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2013,54(6):451-458
The investigation of gender differences in emotion has attracted much attention given the potential ramifications on our understanding of sexual differences in disorders involving emotion dysregulation. Yet, research on content‐specific gender differences across adulthood in emotional responding is lacking. The aims of the present study were twofold. First, we sought to investigate to what extent gender differences in the self‐reported emotional experience are content specific. Second, we sought to determine whether gender differences are stable across the adult lifespan. We assessed valence and arousal ratings of 14 picture series, each of a different content, in 94 men and 118 women aged 20 to 81. Compared to women, men reacted more positively to erotic images, whereas women rated low‐arousing pleasant family scenes and landscapes as particularly positive. Women displayed a disposition to respond with greater defensive activation (i.e., more negative valence and higher arousal), in particular to the most arousing unpleasant contents. Importantly, significant interactions between gender and age were not found for any single content. This study makes a novel contribution by showing that gender differences in the affective experiences in response to different contents persist across the adult lifespan. These findings support the “stability hypothesis” of gender differences across age. 相似文献
38.
Four experiments deal with the acquisition of knowledge for the control of voluntary behaviour. Subjects had to accomplish a computer-controlled learning task that required them to learn which one of four actions (R) had to be performed in order to attain a certain one of four outcomes (O) in the presence of one of four situational contexts (S). Reinforcements were assigned to actions according to two schedules: In the S-R condition each of the four actions was consistently reinforced in the presence of a certain situation, whereas in the R-O condition each of the actions was either always (Experiments 1-3) or mostly (Experiment 4) reinforced if a certain outcome was required. Furthermore, the type of feedback was varied. In Experiment 1, only positive or negative reinforcements were fed back, whereas in Experiments 2-4 the actions resulted in outcomes that had to be compared with the required outcomes in order to determine successes and failures. The results indicate a preference for learning R-O contingencies over learning S-R contingencies. Most subjects were so fixated on learning R-O relations that they remained completely blind to the consistent reinforcement of S-R mappings. The data suggest that, in line with the ideomotor principle, the acquisition of behavioural competence is based primarily on the formation of bidirectional action-outcome relations. Specifications of the underlying learning mechanisms are discussed. 相似文献
39.
40.
Armin W. Schulz 《Philosophical Studies》2011,152(2):271-285
In this paper, I argue that a natural selection-based perspective gives reasons for thinking that the core of the ability
to mindread cognitively complex mental states is subserved by a simulationist process—that is, that it relies on non-specialised
mechanisms in the attributer’s cognitive architecture whose primary function is the generation of her own decisions and inferences.
In more detail, I try to establish three conclusions. First, I try to make clearer what the dispute between simulationist
and non-simulationist theories of mindreading fundamentally is about. Second, I try to make more precise an argument that
is sometimes hinted at in support of the former: this ‘argument from simplicity’ suggests that, since natural selection disfavours
building extra cognitive systems where this can be avoided, simulationist theories of mindreading are more in line with natural
selection than their competitors. As stated, though, this argument overlooks the fact that building extra cognitive systems
can also yield benefits: in particular, it can allow for the parallel processing of multiple problems and it makes for the
existence of backups for important elements of the organism’s mind. I therefore try to make this argument more precise by
investigating whether these benefits also apply to the present case—and conclude negatively. My third aim in this paper is
to use this discussion of mindreading as a means for exploring the promises and difficulties of evolutionary arguments in
philosophy and psychology more generally. 相似文献