排序方式: 共有91条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Jacques‐Philippe Leyens Brezo Cortes Stphanie Demoulin John F. Dovidio Susan T. Fiske Ruth Gaunt Maria‐Paola Paladino Armando Rodriguez‐Perez Ramon Rodriguez‐Torres Jeroen Vaes 《European journal of social psychology》2003,33(6):703-717
In explaining differences between groups, people ascribe the human essence to their ingroup and consider outgroups as less human. This phenomenon, called infra‐humanization, occurs outside people's awareness. Because secondary emotions (e.g. love, hope, contempt, resentment) are considered uniquely human emotions, people not only attribute more secondary emotions to their ingroup than to outgroups, but are reluctant to associate these emotions with outgroups. Moreover, people behave less cooperatively (in terms of altruism, imitation, and approach) with an outgroup member who expresses himself through secondary emotions. Infra‐humanization occurs for high and low status groups, even in the absence of conflict between groups. It does not occur when the outgroup target is adequately individualized, by a complete name or through perspective taking, for instance. The differential familiarity with the ingroup and the outgroup cannot explain infra‐humanization. Yet, preliminary results show that subjective essentialism and ingroup identification may mediate the effects of infra‐humanization. A connection is made between nationalism and infra‐humanization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
32.
Armando Machado Maria Teresa Malheiro Wolfram Erlhagen 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2009,92(3):423-458
In the last decades, researchers have proposed a large number of theoretical models of timing. These models make different assumptions concerning how animals learn to time events and how such learning is represented in memory. However, few studies have examined these different assumptions either empirically or conceptually. For knowledge to accumulate, variation in theoretical models must be accompanied by selection of models and model ideas. To that end, we review two timing models, Scalar Expectancy Theory (SET), the dominant model in the field, and the Learning‐to‐Time (LeT) model, one of the few models dealing explicitly with learning. In the first part of this article, we describe how each model works in prototypical concurrent and retrospective timing tasks, identify their structural similarities, and classify their differences concerning temporal learning and memory. In the second part, we review a series of studies that examined these differences and conclude that both the memory structure postulated by SET and the state dynamics postulated by LeT are probably incorrect. In the third part, we propose a hybrid model that may improve on its parents. The hybrid model accounts for the typical findings in fixed‐interval schedules, the peak procedure, mixed fixed interval schedules, simple and double temporal bisection, and temporal generalization tasks. In the fourth and last part, we identify seven challenges that any timing model must meet. 相似文献
33.
Armando Plebe 《Argumentation》1992,6(3):349-354
Ce texte se propose d'examiner en quoi le discours oral se différencie de la composition écrite. La logique orale a pour caractéristique principale de recourir à des prémisses ou à des conclusions qui ont déjà valeur de maxime pour l'auditeur. Il s'agit donc d'une véritable mise à l'épreuve de chaque position. La logique orale touche directement le contenu. Elle s'oppose à la dialectique — elle est liée à une logique formelle — tout en étant complémentaire.Traduction de Paolo Zaccaria. Revue par C. Hoogaert. 相似文献
34.
Two theories of timing, scalar expectancy theory (SET) and learning to time (LeT), make substantially different assumptions about what animals learn in temporal tasks. In a test of these assumptions, pigeons learned two discriminations: On Type 1 trials, they learned to choose a red key after a 1-s signal and a green key after a 4-s signal; on Type 2 trials, they learned to choose a blue key after a 4-s signal and a yellow key after a 16-s signal. Then, two psychometric functions were obtained by presenting them with intermediate durations (1 to 4 s and 4 to 16 s). The two functions did not superpose, and most bisection points were not at the geometric mean of the training stimuli (contra SET); for most birds, the function for Type 2 trials was to the left of the function for Type 1 trials (contra LeT). Finally, the birds were exposed to signals ranging from 1 to 16 s and given a choice between novel key combinations (e.g., red vs. blue). The results with the novel key combinations were always closer to LeT's than to SET's predictions. Observations of the birds' behavior also suggest that, more than being a mere expression of an internal clock, behavior constitutes the clock. 相似文献
35.
We examined the role of identification with violent TV heroes, enjoyment of TV violence, and perceived reality in TV violence as mediators of the relationship between viewing TV violence and subsequent physical and verbal aggression. A sample of 722 4th, 6th, and 8th grade students from schools in the central region of Portugal completed measures assessing enjoyment of TV violence, perceived reality, aggression, identification with violent TV heroes, and exposure to TV violence. The results showed that the relationship between TV violence and physical aggression is mediated by enjoyment of TV violence, perceived reality in TV violence, and identification with violent TV heroes. The TV violence to verbal aggression relationship was also mediated by enjoyment of TV violence. 相似文献
36.
de Paula JJ Moreira L Nicolato R de Marco LA Côrrea H Romano-Silva MA de Moraes EN Bicalho MA Malloy-Diniz LF 《Psychological reports》2012,110(2):477-488
The Tower of London (TOL) is used for evaluating planning skills, which is a component of the executive functions. Different versions and scoring criteria were developed for this task, and some of them present with different psychometrical properties. This study aimed to evaluate two specific scoring methods of the TOL in diagnosing Mild Cognitive Impairment and probable Alzheimer's disease. The TOL total scores from 60 patients of each diagnosis were compared with the performance of 60 healthy-aged controls using receiver operating characteristics analysis and multinomial logistic regression. Krikorian method better diagnosed Alzheimer's disease, while Portellas's was better at discriminating healthy controls from Mild Cognitive Impairment, but were not efficient at comparing this last group with Alzheimer's patients. Regression analysis indicates that in addition to screening tests, TOL improves the classification of the three groups. The results suggest the two scoring methods used for this task may be useful for different diagnostic purposes. 相似文献
37.
This article examines individuals' expectations in a social hypothesis testing task. Participants selected questions from a list to investigate the presence of personality traits in a target individual. They also identified the responses that they expected to receive and the likelihood of the expected responses. The results of two studies indicated that when people asked questions inquiring about the hypothesized traits that did not entail strong a priori beliefs, they expected to find evidence confirming the hypothesis under investigation. These confirming expectations were more pronounced for symmetric questions, in which the diagnosticity and frequency of the expected evidence did not conflict. When the search for information was asymmetric, confirming expectations were diminished, likely as a consequence of either the rareness or low diagnosticity of the hypothesis-confirming outcome. We also discuss the implications of these findings for confirmation bias. 相似文献
38.
The impact of the new wine common market organization (CMO) on behavioural loyalty towards product attributes: A case from Italy
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Armando Maria Corsi Sarah Rann Overton Leonardo Casini 《Journal of Consumer Behaviour》2014,13(4):231-241
This paper explores the changes in consumers' loyalty towards wine after the launch of the new common market organization (CMO) (European Council Regulation (EC) No. 479/2008) in 2008. The analysis of wine purchases in the AC Nielsen Consumer Panel in 2009 and 2010 was compared to analogous work conducted in 2003–2005 and 2006–2008. Loyalty towards wine attributes— price, quality designation and packaging format—was measured using standard brand performance measures together with a newer metric, the polarization index, which has not been used before to highlight or explain the factors behind shifts in loyalty. The analysis revealed that post‐CMO reform increases in consumer loyalty towards the following: (i) standard 0.75‐L wine bottles; (ii) quality‐classified, protected designation of origin wines; and (iii) higher‐price‐point wines. The paper elaborates these findings, explaining how changes in consumers' loyalty patterns can be used to quantify the success of recent policy changes, which can be tracked in a reasonably short time frame thanks to the polarization index. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
39.
Armando X. Estrada 《Military psychology》2013,25(1):1-2
This study examined the psychometric properties of the Outcome Questionnaire-30.2 (OQ-30.2; designed to measure patient progress throughout mental health treatment) in a sample of United States Air Force active duty basic military trainees who were evaluated for mental health concerns during the course of basic training. Findings indicate that the OQ-30.2 was internally consistent and Total scores decreased with more contact with mental health professionals. Previously reported 1- and 3-factor structures were not replicated; rather, results suggested the use of a broad 27-item general psychological distress subscale and a separate subscale of 3 critical items assessing substance use concerns. Present findings support the utility of the OQ-30.2 as a tool for repeated monitoring of patient progress in military mental health settings. Recommendations for future directions in the development of alternate calculations of the clinical cut score and reliable change index are discussed. 相似文献
40.
Armando X. Estrada Kristine J. Olson Colin R. Harbke Anders W. Berggren 《Military psychology》2013,25(4):410-432
We evaluated the measurement properties of the psychological climate for sexual harassment (PCSH) questionnaire with data from women officers (n?=?311) in the Swedish Armed Forces. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a two-factor solution assessing risks and seriousness/actions associated with sexual harassment episodes described the underlying pattern of correlations among items. Correlational and regression analyses showed that ratings of perceived intolerance for sexual harassment were associated with high ratings of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and (positive) mental health; and decreased ratings of psychological distress. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of our findings for future research. 相似文献