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851.
852.
Raúl?NavarroEmail author Elisa?Larra?aga Santiago?Yubero 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(4):457-473
This paper presents data concerning culturally prescribed gender traits and their influence on bullying/victimization problems
and aggressive tendencies from a wide sample of 1,654 Spanish adolescents. The aims of this study were to clarify the effect
of masculine traits on male and female secondary students’ aggression, and also to explore the role of feminine traits in
either the inhibition of aggression or the use of more covert forms. Results show that masculine stereotypical traits are
related more strongly with bully perpetration, proneness to aggression and experience of anger and hostility in both sexes.
In contrast, traditional feminine traits are negatively related with bullying perpetration and proneness to aggression. However,
feminine traits are linked to male students’ victimization. Results are discussed in the light of previous findings and are
taken into consideration in the design of intervention practices in secondary schools. 相似文献
853.
This paper argues that Derrida’s aporetic conclusions regarding moral and political concepts, from hospitality to democracy,
can only be understood and accepted if the notion of différance and similar infrastructures are taken into account. This is
because it is the infrastructures that expose and commit moral and political practices to a double and conflictual (thus aporetic)
future: the conditional future that projects horizonal limits and conditions upon the relation to others, and the unconditional
future without horizons of anticipation. The argument thus turns against two kinds of interpretation: The first accepts normative
unconditionality in ethics but misses its support by the infrastructures. The second rejects unconditionality as a normative
commitment precisely because the infrastructural support for unconditionality seems to rule out that it is normatively required.
In conclusion, the article thus reconsiders the relation between a quasi-transcendental argument and its normative implications,
suggesting that Derrida avoids the naturalistic fallacy. 相似文献
854.
Although analogical reasoning has long been a popular method of reasoning in bioethics, current literature does not sufficiently
grasp its variety. We assert that the main shortcoming is the fact that an analogy’s value is often judged on the extent of
similarity between the source situation and the target situation, while in (bio)ethics, analogies are often used because of certain dissimilarities rather than in spite of them. We make a clear distinction between dissimilarities that aim to reinforce a similar approach in the source situation
and the target situation and dissimilarities that aim to undermine or denounce a similar approach. The former kind of dissimilarity
offers the analogy more normative force than if there were no dissimilarities present; this is often overlooked by authors
who regard all relevant dissimilarities as detrimental to the analogy’s strength. Another observation is that an evaluation
of the normative force of an analogy cannot be made independently of moral principles or theories. Without these, one cannot
select which elements in an analogy are morally relevant nor determine how they should be interpreted. 相似文献
855.
856.
How do humans and their closest relatives, chimpanzees, differ in their fundamental abilities for seeing the visual world? In this study, we directly compared the gaze movements of humans and the closest species, chimpanzees, using an eye-tracking system. During free viewing of a naturalistic scene, chimpanzees made more fixations per second (up to four) than did humans (up to three). This species difference was independent of the semantic variability of the presented scenes. The gap–overlap paradigm revealed that, rather than resulting from the sensitivity to the peripherally presented stimuli per se, the species difference reflected the particular strategy each species employed to solve the rivalry between central (fixated) and peripheral stimuli in their visual fields. Finally, when presented with a movie in which small images successively appeared/disappeared at random positions at the chosen presentation rate, chimpanzees tracked those images at the point of fixation for a longer time than did humans, outperforming humans in their speed of scanning. Our results suggest that chimpanzees and humans differ quantitatively in their visual strategies involving the timing of gaze movement. We discuss the functional reasons for each species’ employing such specific strategies. 相似文献
857.
Am TG 《Nanoethics》2011,5(1):15-28
Trust has become an important aspect of evaluating the relationship between lay public and technology implementation. Experiences
have shown that a focus on trust provides a richer understanding of reasons for backlashes of technology in society than a
mere focus of public understanding of risks and science communication. Therefore, trust is also widely used as a key concept
for understanding and predicting trust or distrust in emerging technologies. But whereas trust broadens the scope for understanding established technologies with well-defined questions
and controversies, it easily fails to do so with emerging technologies, where there are no shared questions, a lack of public
familiarity with the technology in question, and a restricted understanding amongst social researchers as to where distrust
is likely to arise and how and under which form the technology will actually be implemented. Rather contrary, ‘trust’ might
sometimes even direct social research into fixed structures that makes it even more difficult for social research to provide
socially robust knowledge. This article therefore suggests that if trust is to maintain its important role in evaluating emerging
technologies, the approach has to be widened and initially focus not on people’s motivations for trust, but rather the object of trust it self, as to predicting how and where distrust might appear, how the object is
established as an object of trust, and how it is established in relation with the public. 相似文献
858.
Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Hans-Ludwig Kr?ber 《Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie》2011,5(4):234-243
When dealing with ?old cases?? of preventive detention as well as retrospectively ordered preventive detention, a continuation of confinement should be possible if the offender involved suffers from a ??mental disorder?? which constitutes the danger of future serious violent or sexual crimes. In this psychiatric article it will be explained that the terms ??mental illness?? and also ??mental disorder?? must retain an empirical scientifically definable psychiatric content in order not to instigate deception. They must also be functionally defined in each judicial environment (police law, social law, civil law and criminal law) with respect to the capabilities of the individual which are impaired by the mental disorder. Such an approach could prevent a misuse of psychiatry for purely political security purposes. 相似文献
859.
Stefan H?fer Nicole Pfaffenberger Daniela Renn Marion Platter Lena Ring 《Applied research in quality of life》2011,6(1):81-90
To explore potential response shift effects with different quality of life (QoL) instruments in cardiac patients undergoing
coronary intervention. Study Design and Setting: Recalibration was assessed with the disease specific health-related quality
of life (HRQL) instrument MacNew in combination with a then-test approach. Reconceptualisation and reprioritisation were assessed
with the individualised QoL instrument SEIQoL-DW. Significant treatment effects were seen on the MacNew (global Δ: 0.6 ± 1.1,
p = 0.004) but not on the SEIQoL-DW (Δ: 3.3 ± 16, p = 0.37) 6 months after coronary intervention. No recalibration effect was found on the MacNew then-test, while with the SEIQOL-DW
potential response shift effects of reconceptualisation and reprioritisation were seen. For the first time response shift
effects were explored in cardiac patients undergoing coronary intervention. This study confirmed that there is a clinically
significant improvement in disease specific HRQL over time following successful coronary interventions. However, no treatment
effect was seen for individualised QoL with the SEIQoL-DW. This might be due to reconceptualisation and reprioritisation response
effects. Future studies need to focus on exploring response shift effects, and the interrelationship between its different
components, captured by different patient reported outcome instruments in larger patient groups undergoing coronary interventions. 相似文献
860.
Informed by the practice of code-switching or style-switching in linguistics, “bilingual therapeutics” is proposed as the
complementary integration of two evidence-based practices in psychotherapy: motivational interviewing (MI) and dialectical
behavior therapy (DBT). Unique features of MI and DBT are presented, current research of each practice is reviewed, and their
similarities and distinctions are discussed. It is proposed that fluency in both “languages” of MI and DBT may usher in a
new therapeutic perspective to enhance client case conceptualization, illuminate subtleties of the therapeutic process, and
foster more intentional and deliberate practitioners. Specifically, MI and DBT code-switching may help recruit and retain
clients in formal treatment (e.g.,”speaking” MI more prominently to prepare clients for 12-month standard DBT) and promote
consultation among therapists. The complementary integration of MI and DBT also suggests the emergence of a linguistic “third
space,” including “spirit as synthesis” and “improvisational dance.” 相似文献