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241.
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243.
Research has documented that children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased
risk of substance use problems. Few studies, however, have focused on early-onset substance use. This study therefore investigated
how the two symptom dimensions of ADHD (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) are associated with early-onset substance
use, the role of persistent ADHD for the association, and to what extent the association is influenced by genetic and environmental
factors. Twins (1,480 pairs) in the Swedish Twin Study of Child and Adolescent Development were followed from childhood to
adolescence. ADHD symptoms were measured at age 8–9 and age 13–14 via parent-report, whereas substance use was assessed at
age 13–14 via self-report. Results revealed that hyperactive/impulsive symptoms predicted early-onset “sometimes” tobacco
use (adjusted odds ratios, 1.12, for one symptom count), controlling for inattentive symptoms and conduct problem behaviors.
There is no independent effect of inattentive symptoms on early-onset substance use. Children with persistent hyperactivity/impulsivity
(defined as scoring above the 75th percentile at both time points) had a pronounced risk of both early-onset tobacco and alcohol
use (adjusted odds ratios from 1.86 to 3.35, compared to the reference group). The associations between hyperactivity/impulsivity
and early-onset substance use were primarily influenced by genetic factors. Our results indicated that hyperactivity/impulsivity,
but not inattention, is an important early predictor for early-onset substance use, and a shared genetic susceptibility is
suggested to explain this association. 相似文献
244.
Keown LJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2012,40(4):569-581
This prospective 3 year longitudinal study investigated preschool paternal and maternal parenting predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder(ADHD) in a community sample of 93 school-age boys. Participants were recruited on the basis of inattention-hyperactivity
at age 4 and fathers and mothers were observed interacting with their sons. Teachers, fathers, and mothers reported children's
ADHD symptoms and impairment. Results from dimensional analysis showed that less observed paternal sensitivity and maternal
positive regard predicted higher levels of inattentiveness in middle childhood, and that intrusive paternal behavior was predictive
of hyperactive-impulsive behavior at school. In categorical analysis, less maternal warmth and sensitivity were predictive
of later ADHD. These predictions held after statistical adjustment for the effects of preschool ADHD behaviors and conduct
problems. At follow-up, parents of boys with ADHD reported more negative child-parent relationship perceptions than comparison
parents. Findings highlight the importance of examining responsive parenting behaviors of both fathers and mothers in relation
to multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptoms. 相似文献
245.
Kunde W Pfister R Janczyk M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2012,38(3):703-714
Transformations of hand movements by tools such as levers or electronic input devices can invoke performance costs compared to untransformed movements. This study investigated by means of the Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) paradigm at which stage of information processing such tool-transformation costs arise. We used an inversion transformation, that is, the movement of the operating hand was transformed into a spatially incompatible movement of a lever. As a basic tool-transformation effect, the initiation of inverted tool movements was delayed compared to noninverted movements. Experiment 1 suggested a central (or postcentral) locus of this tool-transformation effect and ruled out a (precentral) perceptual locus. Experiments 2 and 3 confirmed the central locus and ruled out a later, motor-related stage of processing. The results show that spatially incompatible tool movements delay a capacity-limited stage of information processing, often referred to as response selection. 相似文献
246.
247.
Keeping aware of the locations of objects while one is moving requires the updating of spatial representations. As long as the objects are visible, attentional tracking is sufficient, but knowing where objects out of view went in relation to one's own body involves an updating of spatial working memory. Here, multiple object tracking was employed to study spatial updating and its neural correlates. In a dynamic 3D-scene, targets moved among visually indistinguishable distractors. The targets and distractors either stayed visible during continuous viewpoint changes or they turned invisible. The parametric variation of tracking load revealed load-dependent activations of the intraparietal sulcus, the superior parietal lobule, and the lateral occipital cortex in response to the attentive tracking task. Viewpoint changes with invisible objects that demanded retention and updating produced load-dependent activation only in the precuneus in line with its presumed involvement in updating spatial working memory. 相似文献
248.
The article deals with concepts proposed by Sándor Ferenczi: confusion of tongues, disavowal and progressive trauma, illustrated by a clinical example, in which excessive life experiences deeply determined the psychic construction, compromising the integrity of the self-image and the potentiality of egoic capacities. We attempt to understand the uniqueness of the patient's history, and the ethical practice of deep analytic listening. 相似文献
249.
Griffin CR 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2012,72(1):65-75
This paper speculates about the impact of techno-connectedness on our children, ourselves, our grandchildren. Triggered by recollections from Victorian novels that describe European summers “away” from home, a concern about loss of opportunity, the “space” for self-discovery in this young generation will be explored in a relational context. Brought about by pervasive dependence upon computer technology, is self-experience fragmented and attachment changed by the ubiquitous technological presence and is the more isolated, reflective experience being eroded? 相似文献
250.
Bowins BE 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2012,72(2):152-165
Based on the evolution of human intelligence and the tremendous cognitive capacities arising from it, we have an innate tendency for the extreme thought content, thought form, and sensory perceptions of psychosis. During the conscious and awake state, cognitive regulatory control processes block these more extreme variants to facilitate reality congruency necessary for adaptive functioning. While asleep there is no need for reality congruency and the cognitive regulatory control processes are deactivated allowing psychotic equivalents to be expressed in dreams. This paper helps synthesize the two dominant perspectives regarding the etiology of psychosis: the neuroscience defect perspective and the psychoanalytic motivational perspective. Regarding the former, defective cognitive regulation arising from certain conditions, such as the deficit state of schizophrenia, allows extreme cognitive distortions, thought form variants, and sensory perceptual experiences to intrude into the conscious and awake state, thereby producing psychosis. Consistent with the psychoanalytic motivational perspective, defensive processes can motivate extreme cognitive distortions, thought form variants and sensory perceptual experiences, and also facilitate their expression by deactivating the relevant cognitive regulatory control processes. 相似文献