Subjective Wellbeing and Income: Empirical Patterns in the Rural Developing World

A commonality in the economics of happiness literature is that absolute income matters more for the subjective wellbeing of people at low income levels. In this article, we use a large sample of people in rural areas of developing countries with relatively low income levels to test whether subjective wellbeing an increasing function of absolute income in our sample, and to analyze the existence of adaptation and social comparison effects on subjective wellbeing. Our sample includes 6,973 rural households in 23 countries throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The average total income per adult equivalent in our sample was US$ 1555, whereas levels of subjective wellbeing resembled levels found in previous research using cross-country data. We find that, despite low levels of absolute income, levels of subjective wellbeing of our respondents resemble levels found in previous research using cross-country data. We also find remarkable similarities in many of the determinants of subjective wellbeing previously tested. Our data show that absolute income covariates with subjective wellbeing, but—as for richer samples—the magnitude of the association is lower once we control for adaptation and social comparison. Finally, our results suggest that social comparison has a stronger effect than adaptation in explaining the subjective wellbeing of our sample. Our findings highlight the importance of adaptation and social comparison even at low levels of absolute income.     

当代大学生专业承诺与学习风格的研究

本研究采用自编的《大学生专业承诺量表》和修订的《学习风格检测表》,调查和分析了福州地区673名大学生的专业承诺和学习风格。结果为：我国大学生的专业承诺水平不是很高,在性别、年级、专业、学校类型上差异显著;不同性别、年级、专业、学校类型的大学生的学习风格基本没有显著差异,这表明我国大学生基本没形成适合所学专业的学习风格。     

从日常概念到科学概念——一种解释克里普克-普特南本质理论的可能途径

导言 克里普克在《命名与必然性》中提出内在结构是自然种类的本质属性,比如H2O是水的本质属性,原子序数79是金子的本质属性,老虎的生物学内在结构是老虎的本质属性等等.     

Specific Virtues as Predictors of Smartphone Addiction among Chinese Undergraduates

Smartphones are important communication and technological tools that have become an indispensable part of university students’ lives. Although empirical research has evaluated factors that influence Smartphone addiction, few studies have explored positive and potentially protective factors such as virtues that may increase the efficacy of future Smartphone addiction prevention programs. Thus, this study examined the relationship between three key virtues (i.e., relationship, vitality, and conscientiousness) and Smartphone addiction as well as evaluated the specific contributions of these virtues as applied to Smartphone use among Chinese university students. A total of 682 undergraduates (aged 18–24 years) from three universities completed the 96-item Chinese Virtues Questionnaire and Mobile Phone Addiction Index. Results showed that three virtues were significantly correlated with Smartphone addiction. Specifically, conscientiousness and relationship virtues negatively predicted Smartphone addiction and explained 82.61% of addiction-related variance. Vitality positively predicted Smartphone addiction and accounted for the remaining 17.39% variance. Thus, this study demonstrated that conscientiousness and relationship virtues were potential protective factors for Smartphone addiction, while vitality led to increased vulnerability. Gender-related differences were also discovered. Specifically, male students may be more sensitive to the conscientiousness virtue, while female students may show increased sensitivity to the relationship virtue. Consequently, future efforts to prevent Smartphone addiction could focus on how to enhance conscientiousness and relationship virtues and how to reduce the vitality virtue.     

人生价值视阈中的荣辱感

作为道德情感的荣辱感能促使个体知"道"、欲"善"、致"诚".荣辱感能促进主体对以善为核心内容的社会伦理精神的把握,并将其提升为良知.荣辱感还是推动人们求荣行善的内在动力和心理基础,且将这种善欲升华为实践中守仁行义的美德操守.     

中学生知识学习观研究

采用自编的《中学生知识学习观量表》,探讨了中学生知识学习观的现状和特点。结果表明:(1)中学生的知识学习观在总体上还是建设性的;(2)不同性别、文理科学生在知识学习观各维度上存在显著差异;(3)初中生的知识学习观比高中生的知识学习观更具建构性;(4)不同成绩水平的学生在知识学习观各维度上存在显著的差异,知识学习过程观、知识价值观、知识学习态度观是中学生学习成绩的有效预测变量。     

不同社交网站使用与大学生抑郁的关系:链式中介模型

为探讨不同社交网站使用（微信和微博）和大学生抑郁的关系以及上行社会比较和妒忌在其中的链式中介作用,采用问卷法对481名大学生进行施测。结果发现：（1）微信对大学生抑郁的总效应不显著,而微博对大学生抑郁的总效应显著,即微博使用越多,抑郁越多;（2）微信使用既可以直接负向预测抑郁,也可以通过上行社会比较和妒忌的链式中介作用间接地正向预测抑郁;而微博使用不能直接预测抑郁,其效应完全由上行社会比较和妒忌所链式中介。研究提示,微信使用和微博使用与大学生抑郁的关系及其机制是不同的,微信比微博有更复杂的作用机制和多种效应。     

Relative Clause Gap-Filling in Children with Specific Language Impairment

Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) have been observed to have production and perception difficulties with sentences containing long-distance dependencies, but it is unclear whether this is due to impairment in grammatical knowledge or in processing mechanisms. The current study addressed this issue by examining automatic on-line gap-filling in relative clauses, as well as off-line comprehension of the same stimulus sentences. As predicted by both knowledge impairment and processing impairment models, SLI children showed lack of immediate gap-filling after the relative clause verb, in comparison to a control group of typically developing children. However, on the off-line measure of comprehension of the same stimuli sentences, SLI children and TD children did not differ qualitatively. This finding is incompatible with knowledge impairment. We interpret the results to show that SLI children have impaired processing mechanisms (such as temporally delayed gap-filling) but are not impaired in their grammatical knowledge.     

消化系统疾病与精神心理因素的辩证关系

消化系统疾病与精神心理因素相互影响,其相互作用呈现个体化差异,这与个体间的内环境以及外环境差别有关。主要病理生理学机制之一为"脑-肠轴"及"脑肠互动"学说。临床医生需要认识到二者之间辩证关系的普遍性和重要性,及时发现躯体症状背后潜藏的精神心理问题,综合运用各种心理干预和药物治疗手段。