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111.
Reliability measures in item response theory: Manifest versus latent correlation functions
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Elasma Milanzi Geert Molenberghs Ariel Alonso Geert Verbeke Paul De Boeck 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2015,68(1):43-64
For item response theory (IRT) models, which belong to the class of generalized linear or non‐linear mixed models, reliability at the scale of observed scores (i.e., manifest correlation) is more difficult to calculate than latent correlation based reliability, but usually of greater scientific interest. This is not least because it cannot be calculated explicitly when the logit link is used in conjunction with normal random effects. As such, approximations such as Fisher's information coefficient, Cronbach's α, or the latent correlation are calculated, allegedly because it is easy to do so. Cronbach's α has well‐known and serious drawbacks, Fisher's information is not meaningful under certain circumstances, and there is an important but often overlooked difference between latent and manifest correlations. Here, manifest correlation refers to correlation between observed scores, while latent correlation refers to correlation between scores at the latent (e.g., logit or probit) scale. Thus, using one in place of the other can lead to erroneous conclusions. Taylor series based reliability measures, which are based on manifest correlation functions, are derived and a careful comparison of reliability measures based on latent correlations, Fisher's information, and exact reliability is carried out. The latent correlations are virtually always considerably higher than their manifest counterparts, Fisher's information measure shows no coherent behaviour (it is even negative in some cases), while the newly introduced Taylor series based approximations reflect the exact reliability very closely. Comparisons among the various types of correlations, for various IRT models, are made using algebraic expressions, Monte Carlo simulations, and data analysis. Given the light computational burden and the performance of Taylor series based reliability measures, their use is recommended. 相似文献
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113.
Steven Pirutinsky Issac Schechter Ariel Kor David Rosmarin 《Mental health, religion & culture》2015,18(3):218-230
Caring for children is a known psychosocial stressor; however, its effects on psychological functioning may have substantial cross-cultural variance. We explored relationships between family size and a variety of psychological outcomes among Orthodox Jews in four separate studies: (1) an international treatment-seeking sample (n?=?82), (2) a community sample from Canada (n?=?226), (3) an out-patient clinical sample from greater New York (n?=?82), and (4) a large dyadic sample of Israeli couples (n?=?789). Surprisingly, results suggested that family size was not associated with greater stress, anxiety, depression, global functioning, family functioning, family communication, family satisfaction, or even parenting stress. It is possible that the high religious value placed on family life as well as structural adaptions in families buffer against potential stressors associated with child rearing, and further research on these potential effects is warranted. 相似文献
114.
Gesture facilitates language production, but there is debate surrounding its exact role. It has been argued that gestures lighten the load on verbal working memory (VWM; Goldin-Meadow, Nusbaum, Kelly, & Wagner, 2001), but gestures have also been argued to aid in lexical retrieval (Krauss, 1998). In the current study, 50 speakers completed an individual differences battery that included measures of VWM and lexical retrieval. To elicit gesture, each speaker described short cartoon clips immediately after viewing. Measures of lexical retrieval did not predict spontaneous gesture rates, but lower VWM was associated with higher gesture rates, suggesting that gestures can facilitate language production by supporting VWM when resources are taxed. These data also suggest that individual variability in the propensity to gesture is partly linked to cognitive capacities. 相似文献
115.
Kundey SM De los Reyes A Royer E Molina S Monnier B German R Coshun A 《Animal cognition》2011,14(2):291-302
Humans frequently interact with strangers absent prior direct experience with their behavior. Some conjecture that this may
have favored evolution of a cognitive system within the hominoid clade or perhaps the primate order to assign reputations
based on third-party exchanges. However, non-primate species’ acquisition of skills from experienced individuals, attention
to communicative cues, and propensity to infer social rules suggests reputation inference may be more widespread. We utilized
dogs’ sensitivity to humans’ social and communicative cues to explore whether dogs evidenced reputation-like inference for
strangers through third-party interactions. Results indicated dogs spontaneously show reputation-like inference for strangers
from indirect exchanges. Further manipulations revealed that dogs continued to evidence this ability despite reduction of
specific components of the observed interactions, including reduction of visual social cues (i.e., face-to-face contact between
the participants in the interaction) and the nature of the recipient (i.e., living, animate agent versus living, inanimate
self-propelled agent). Dogs also continued to demonstrate reputation-like inference when local enhancement was controlled
and in a begging paradigm. However, dogs did not evidence reputation-like inference when the observed interaction was inadvertent. 相似文献
116.
Dunlosky J Ariel R 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(4):899-912
Research on study-time allocation has largely focused on agenda-based regulation, such as whether learners select items for study that are in their region of proximal learning. In 4 experiments, the authors evaluated the contribution of habitual responding to study-time allocation (e.g., reading from left to right). In Experiments 1 and 2, participants selected items for study from a 3-item array. In Experiment 1, pairs were ordered by learning ease from left to right or in the reverse order. In Experiment 2, pairs were in a column with the easiest item either in the top or bottom position. Participants more likely chose to study the easiest item first when it was presented in the prominent position of an array, but when the difficult item was in the prominent position, it was more often chosen first for study. In Experiment 3, a 3 × 3 array was used. In 1 group, the 3 easy items were in the left column and the 3 difficult ones were in the right column; in another group, these columns were reversed. Participants largely chose items in a top-down or left-to-right order. In Experiment 4, items were presented sequentially for item selection, with either the difficult items presented first (followed by progressively easier items) or in the reverse order. Participants could choose half the items for restudy, and they were more likely to choose items presented earlier in the list, regardless of presentation order. These and other outcomes indicate that both agenda-based regulation (in terms of using the region of proximal learning) and habitual responding contribute to people's selection of items for study. 相似文献
117.
When people judge their learning of items across study–test trials, their accuracy in discriminating between learned and unlearned
items improves on the second trial. We examined the source of this improvement by estimating the contribution of three factors—memory
for past test performance (MPT), new learning, and forgetting—to accuracy on trial 2. In Experiment 1, during an initial trial,
participants studied paired associates, made a judgment of learning (JOL) for each one, and were tested. During the second
trial, we manipulated two variables: when the JOL was made (either immediately before or after studying an item) and whether
participants were told the outcome of the initial recall attempt on trial 1. In Experiment 2, the same procedure was used
with a 1-week retention interval between study and test on trial 2. In both experiments, JOL resolution was higher on trial
2 than on trial 1. Fine-grained analyses of JOL magnitude and decomposition of resolution supported several conclusions. First,
MPT contributed the most to boosts in JOL magnitude and improvements in resolution across trials. Second, JOLs and subsequent
resolution were sensitive to new learning and forgetting, but only when participants’ judgments were made after study. Thus,
JOLs appear to integrate information from multiple factors, and these factors jointly contribute to JOL resolution. 相似文献
118.
Gray MJ Schorr Y Nash W Lebowitz L Amidon A Lansing A Maglione M Lang AJ Litz BT 《Behavior Therapy》2012,43(2):407-415
We evaluated the preliminary effectiveness of a novel intervention that was developed to address combat stress injuries in active-duty military personnel. Adaptive disclosure (AD) is relatively brief to accommodate the busy schedules of active-duty service members while training for future deployments. Further, AD takes into account unique aspects of the phenomenology of military service in war in order to address difficulties such as moral injury and traumatic loss that may not receive adequate and explicit attention by conventional treatments that primarily address fear-inducing life-threatening experiences and sequelae. In this program development and evaluation open trial, 44 marines received AD while in garrison. It was well tolerated and, despite the brief treatment duration, promoted significant reductions in PTSD, depression, negative posttraumatic appraisals, and was also associated with increases in posttraumatic growth. 相似文献
119.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between a factor mixture-based taxonic-dimensional model of anxiety sensitivity (AS) and posttraumatic stress, panic, generalized anxiety, depression, psychiatric multimorbidity, and quality of life among a young adult sample exposed to traumatic stress (N = 103, n (females) = 66, M (age) = 23.68 years, SD (age) = 9.55). Findings showed support for the conceptual and operational utility of the AS taxonic-dimensional model with respect to concurrent transdiagnostic vulnerability among trauma-exposed adults. Specifically, relative to the low-AS group, the high-AS group demonstrated elevated levels of panic, depressive, and posttraumatic stress symptom severity as well as greater psychiatric multimorbidity and poorer quality of life. Furthermore, past-month MDD, GAD, PTSD, and panic attacks occurred nearly exclusively among the high-AS group. Continuous AS physical and psychological concerns scores were found to be significantly related to levels of panic and posttraumatic stress symptom severity, psychiatric multimorbidity as well as panic attack status only among the high-AS group and not among the low-AS group. Findings are discussed with respect to their implications for the conceptual and operational utility of the FMM-based taxonic-dimensional model of AS, related vulnerability for psychopathology in the context of trauma, and the clinical implications of these findings for assessment and intervention. 相似文献
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Wong A Rodríguez M Quevedo L Fernández de Cossío L Borges A Reyes A Corral R Blanco F Alvarez M 《Assessment》2012,19(3):383-387
There is a current debate about the ecological validity of executive function (EF) tests. Consistent with the verisimilitude approach, this research proposes the ballet executive scale (BES), a self-rating questionnaire that assimilates idiosyncratic executive behaviors of classical dance community. The BES was administrated to 149 adolescents, students of the Cuban Ballet School. Results present a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .80 and a split-half Spearman-Brown coefficient r (SB) = .81. An exploratory factor analysis describes a bifactorial pattern of EF dimensions, with a self-regulation component, which explains more than 40% of variance, and a Developmental component, which accounts for more than 20% of variance. The questionnaire's total scores fit linear regression models with two external criteria of academic records, confirming concurrent validity. These findings support the hypothesis that the internalization of specific contextual cultural meanings has a mediating influence in the development of EF. 相似文献