癌症患者生存质量研究进展

随着癌症患者生存时间和生存人数的增加,生存者本人和家属更加重视生存质量。本文总结分析近年来国内外癌症患者生存质量的研究状况,以期在癌症治疗过程中,不仅关注躯体功能和疾病本身以及由治疗带来的症状和体征,同时注重心理和社会职能。     

酒精性肝损伤的防治思考

艾滋病是当前许多国家面临的最主要的公共卫生和社会问题。社会支持在艾滋病的预防与控制方面发挥着重要作用,运用社会支持网络理论,阐述了社会支持的概念与作用,分析了艾滋病患者的社会支持需要及艾滋病患者社会支持现状,并提出了完善社会支持系统的几点建议。     

从高血压防治论医学从临床走向预防

高血压防治中出现的“三高”、“三低”和“三个误区”,反映了我国在高血压防治方面医学知识的普及和全民宣教的滞后,在加强诊治的同时全民预防的滞后。为此,我国政府加大了高血压病防治工作的力度,使其逐步实现由医疗、科研为主向群众预防为主的方向转化。这是高血压防治“战线”前移,从医院移到社会,从临床移到预防的过程。     

从高血压防治论医学从临床走向预防

高血压防治中出现的"三高"、"三低"和"三个误区",反映了我国在高血压防治方面医学知识的普及和全民宣教的滞后,在加强诊治的同时全民预防的滞后.为此,我国政府加大了高血压病防治工作的力度,使其逐步实现由医疗、科研为主向群众预防为主的方向转化.这是高血压防治"战线"前移,从医院移到社会,从临床移到预防的过程.     

关于病案中语言失误现象的调查分析

病案语言一直是医学语言学研究的重要内容,以医学语言的语用规律为理论依据,对103份抽样病案中的语言材料,从语体、语用、语义、语法、文字五个方面切入观察,指出这些语料中的语言失误表现,并重点分析了在语用、语义、文字三方面产生失误的原因,从语言学视角为医院病案管理科学化研究提供信息.     

巴西医疗保障体系

从巴西医疗保障体系的建立、资金筹集和使用等方面介绍巴西医疗保障体系,重点关注巴西全民统一医疗制度.鉴于巴西与我国在卫生系统绩效和医疗保障制度改革中所面临的相似挑战,试图通过对巴西医疗保障体系比较详细地介绍及与我国进行简单的对比,总结成功经验、吸取教训为我国建立全民覆盖的医疗保障体系提供借鉴和参考.     

不同动机网络使用者对网络使用线索的注意偏向

以29名信息获取性动机者和21名人际情感性动机者为被试,采用情绪Stroop范式,以网络信息获取线索、网络情感满足线索、一般负性情绪线索和中性线索为刺激材料,考察了不同网络使用动机者对网络相关线索和负性情绪线索的注意加工特性。结果发现,基于信息获取性动机的网络使用者对网络信息获取线索具有显著的注意偏向,而基于人际情感性动机的网络使用者对网络情感满足线索或负性情绪线索具有显著的注意偏向。该研究为解释网络相关线索和负性情绪线索诱发不同动机者上网欲望的认知机制提供了实验证据。     

情感性动机网络使用者对负性情绪线索的前注意偏向

采用修改后的分离式Stroop任务,通过两个实验考察了基于人际情感性动机的网络使用者在双线索竞争条件下的前注意加工特性。研究结果表明,相对于信息获取型被试,在中性线索与负性情绪线索匹配条件下,人际情感型被试对负性情绪线索表现出显著的前注意加工偏向,但在中性线索和情感满足线索匹配条件下,该类被试对情感满足线索未表现出前注意加工偏向。该研究为解释人际情感型动机者的病理性网络使用行为的情绪机制提供了实验证据。     

Emotions: from brain to robot

Some robots have been given emotional expressions in an attempt to improve human-computer interaction. In this article we analyze what it would mean for a robot to have emotion, distinguishing emotional expression for communication from emotion as a mechanism for the organization of behavior. Research on the neurobiology of emotion yields a deepening understanding of interacting brain structures and neural mechanisms rooted in neuromodulation that underlie emotions in humans and other animals. However, the chemical basis of animal function differs greatly from the mechanics and computations of current machines. We therefore abstract from biology a functional characterization of emotion that does not depend on physical substrate or evolutionary history, and is broad enough to encompass the possible emotions of robots.     

From monkey-like action recognition to human language: an evolutionary framework for neurolinguistics

The article analyzes the neural and functional grounding of language skills as well as their emergence in hominid evolution, hypothesizing stages leading from abilities known to exist in monkeys and apes and presumed to exist in our hominid ancestors right through to modern spoken and signed languages. The starting point is the observation that both premotor area F5 in monkeys and Broca's area in humans contain a "mirror system" active for both execution and observation of manual actions, and that F5 and Broca's area are homologous brain regions. This grounded the mirror system hypothesis of Rizzolatti and Arbib (1998) which offers the mirror system for grasping as a key neural "missing link" between the abilities of our nonhuman ancestors of 20 million years ago and modern human language, with manual gestures rather than a system for vocal communication providing the initial seed for this evolutionary process. The present article, however, goes "beyond the mirror" to offer hypotheses on evolutionary changes within and outside the mirror systems which may have occurred to equip Homo sapiens with a language-ready brain. Crucial to the early stages of this progression is the mirror system for grasping and its extension to permit imitation. Imitation is seen as evolving via a so-called simple system such as that found in chimpanzees (which allows imitation of complex "object-oriented" sequences but only as the result of extensive practice) to a so-called complex system found in humans (which allows rapid imitation even of complex sequences, under appropriate conditions) which supports pantomime. This is hypothesized to have provided the substrate for the development of protosign, a combinatorially open repertoire of manual gestures, which then provides the scaffolding for the emergence of protospeech (which thus owes little to nonhuman vocalizations), with protosign and protospeech then developing in an expanding spiral. It is argued that these stages involve biological evolution of both brain and body. By contrast, it is argued that the progression from protosign and protospeech to languages with full-blown syntax and compositional semantics was a historical phenomenon in the development of Homo sapiens, involving few if any further biological changes.