排序方式: 共有70条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
In this study, event related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the extent to which dyslexics (aged 9-13 years) differ from normally reading controls in early ERPs, which reflect prelexical orthographic processing, and in late ERPs, which reflect implicit phonological processing. The participants performed an implicit reading task, which was manipulated in terms of letter-specific processing, orthographic familiarity, and phonological structure. Comparing consonant- and symbol sequences, the results showed significant differences in the P1 and N1 waveforms in the control but not in the dyslexic group. The reduced P1 and N1 effects in pre-adolescent children with dyslexia suggest a lack of visual specialization for letter-processing. The P1 and N1 components were not sensitive to the familiar vs. less familiar orthographic sequence contrast. The amplitude of the later N320 component was larger for phonologically legal (pseudowords) compared to illegal (consonant sequences) items in both controls and dyslexics. However, the topographic differences showed that the controls were more left-lateralized than the dyslexics. We suggest that the development of the mechanisms that support literacy skills in dyslexics is both delayed and follows a non-normal developmental path. This contributes to the hemispheric differences observed and might reflect a compensatory mechanism in dyslexics. 相似文献
32.
33.
Attentional bias toward idealized bodies (men: muscular; women: thin) may cause upward comparisons and increase body dissatisfaction (BD). We investigated attentional biases of 39 men and 41 women with high and low BD toward muscular male bodies and thin female bodies. An eye-tracker measured gaze durations and fixation frequencies while exposing participants to images of thin, normal, muscular, and fat bodies of the same gender. Results revealed longer and more frequent attention toward muscular bodies in high BD men, and toward thin bodies in high BD women. High BD men and women also rated muscular and thin bodies as more attractive than those with low BD. Although men attended to muscular and women attended to thin bodies, both showed an attentional bias toward body types they rated as more attractive. These findings could provide indirect evidence in explaining the relationship between BD and the social comparison theory with attentional bias. 相似文献
34.
Little is known about levels of physical activity and attendance at phase IV community-based Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) programs following completion of exercise-focussed, hospital-based phase III CR. This study aims to test, compare and combine the predictive utility of the Common-Sense Self-Regulation Model (CS-SRM) and the extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with action planning for two rehabilitation behaviours: physical activity and phase IV CR attendance. Individuals diagnosed with coronary heart disease (n = 103) completed baseline measures of illness perceptions, intentions, perceived behavioural control (PBC), action planning and past physical activity in the last week of a phase III CR program, and 95 participants completed follow-up measures of physical activity and attended phase IV CR (objectively confirmed) 2 months later. Only one predictor (PBC/cyclical timeline) significantly predicted levels and change of physical activity. While illness perceptions were not predictive of phase IV CR attendance, the extended TPB model showed good predictive power with action planning and intention as the most powerful predictors. Amongst participants who planned when and where to attend phase IV CR at the end of phase III rehabilitation, 65.9% subsequently attended a phase IV CR program compared to only 18.5% of those who had not made a plan. This study adds to our understanding of cardiac rehabilitation behaviour after completion of health service delivered programs. Comparing theoretical models and rehabilitation behaviours contributes to the development of behaviour theory. 相似文献
35.
Araújo S Faísca L Bramão I Inácio F Petersson KM Reis A 《The Journal of general psychology》2011,138(3):215-228
In the present study, the authors investigate how some visual factors related to early stages of visual-object naming modulate naming performance in dyslexia. The performance of dyslexic children was compared with 2 control groups-normal readers matched for age and normal readers matched for reading level-while performing a discrete naming task in which color and dimensionality of the visually presented objects were manipulated. The results showed that 2-dimensional naming performance improved for color representations in control readers but not in dyslexics. In contrast to control readers, dyslexics were also insensitive to the stimulus's dimensionality. These findings are unlikely to be explained by a phonological processing problem related to phonological access or retrieval but suggest that dyslexics have a lower capacity for coding and decoding visual surface features of 2-dimensional representations or problems with the integration of visual information stored in long-term memory. 相似文献
36.
Anabela Araújo Pedrosa Raquel Pires Paula Carvalho Maria Cristina Canavarro Frank Dattilio 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(2):107-127
Adolescent pregnancy appears today as an intricate tapestry where different dimensions interact. In our study we examined
the associations between individual, sociodemographic, familial, and relational variables and their impact on the occurrence
of pregnancy and adolescents’ adjustment to it. Participants were Portuguese pregnant and non-pregnant adolescents (N = 833). Ecological contexts were characterized, and individual and relational adjustment (depressive symptoms and quality
of life; perceived quality of relationship with significant others—parents, romantic partner and friends) were evaluated.
Differences between the ecologies of adolescents in both groups were identified. Familial and relational variables were significantly
associated with both the risk of pregnancy and more difficulties in adjustment. Implications for preventive intervention are
discussed. 相似文献
37.
Prospective Pilot Study of the Mastering Each New Direction Psychosocial Family Systems Program for Pediatric Chronic Illness
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Family process》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Brian Distelberg Daniel Tapanes Natacha D. Emerson Whitney N. Brown Deepti Vaswani Jackie Williams‐Reade Ara M. Anspikian Susanne Montgomery 《Family process》2018,57(1):83-99
Psychosocial interventions for pediatric chronic illness (CI) have been shown to support health management. Interventions that include a family systems approach offer potentially stronger and more sustainable improvements. This study explores the biopsychosocial benefits of a novel family systems psychosocial intervention (MEND: Mastering Each New Direction). Forty‐five families participated in a 21‐session intensive outpatient family systems‐based program for pediatric CI. Within this single arm design, families were measured on five domains of Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQL) self‐report measures; Stress, Cognitive Functioning, Mental Health, Child HRQL, Family Functioning. Both survey and biological measures (stress: catecholamine) were used in the study. Results from multivariate general linear models showed positive pre‐, post‐, and 3‐month posteffects in all five domains. The program effects ranged from small to moderate (η2 = .07–.64). The largest program effects were seen in the domains of cognitive functioning (η2 = .64) and stress (η2 = .27). Also, between disease groups, differences are noted and future implications for research and clinical practice are discussed. Conclusions suggest that the MEND program may be useful in helping families manage pediatric chronic illnesses. Study results also add to the growing body of literature suggesting that psychosocial interventions for pediatric chronic illness benefit from a family systems level of intervention. 相似文献
38.
Ara Norenzayan Ilan Dar‐Nimrod Ian G. Hansen Travis Proulx 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(1):101-113
Religious and non‐religious individuals differ in their core beliefs. The religious endorse a supernatural, divinely inspired view of the world, while the non‐religious hold largely secular worldviews. As a result they may respond differently to existential threats. Three studies confirmed this prediction. After a mortality salience (MS) or control prime, Canadian participants read, and responded to, an essay hostile to Western civilization, allegedly written by a radical Muslim student. Results indicated that the non‐religious reliably showed the conventional cultural worldview defense by devaluating the content of the message and decreasing support for the civil rights of anti‐Western individuals when death was salient. No such effect was found for the religious. Religious and non‐religious participants did not differ in self‐esteem levels or in death‐thought accessibility. These results suggest that a religious stance among believers plays a defensive role against the awareness of death. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
39.
Mikael Hans Sodergren Felipe Orihuela-Espina James Clark Ara Darzi Guang-Zhong Yang 《Cognitive processing》2010,11(3):275-283
Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) represents a new paradigm in minimally invasive surgery whereby an
operator uses a flexible instrument to navigate within an anatomical space. The flexible instrument is introduced via a natural
body orifice such as the mouth to perform an operative intervention controlled by the surgeon without making incisions in
the anterior abdominal wall. It differs from laparoscopic (traditional keyhole) surgery in two main ways: (1) the instruments
used in NOTES are not rigid as in laparoscopic surgery and not specifically designed for this application; and (2) there are
no incisions in the anterior abdominal wall. Disorientation during NOTES is a significant problem because as in laparoscopic
surgery the operator typically uses a 2D camera-monitor interface for visualisation by the camera at the site of the operation.
Furthermore, the positional cue offered by the external component (outside the body) of the camera is absent, and camera navigation
is more cumbersome. When the operator is disorientated, it is important to be able to re-orientate quickly to minimise potential
surgical errors. It is hypothesised that when surgeons become disorientated, there exist discrete patterns in psychophysical
behaviour which are associated with effective re-orientation, and that these patterns are recognisable. In this study, we
examine visual re-orientation behaviour in 18 subjects using eye-tracker data in a model comprised of selective image manipulation
of everyday objects in a box trainer. We characterise effective behaviour using a fixation sequence similarity-based hidden
Markov model. We show that the output of this algorithm is reliable in differentiating visual behavioural sequences, and that
there are specific behavioural patterns and strategies associated with successful re-orientation in this model. Good re-orientation
strategy appears to rely on identification and focus on a central object within the scene and judging position of its surrounding
peripheral objects, suggesting integration of both geometric and feature information in a systematic way. Using selective,
inconsistent feature cues for re-orientation were associated with less effective performance. 相似文献
40.
Toward a Psychological Science for a Cultural Species 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT— Humans are a cultural species, and the study of human psychology benefits from attention to cultural influences. Cultural psychology's contributions to psychological science can largely be divided according to the two different stages of scientific inquiry. Stage 1 research seeks cultural differences and establishes the boundaries of psychological phenomena. Stage 2 research seeks underlying mechanisms of those cultural differences. The literatures regarding these two distinct stages are reviewed, and various methods for conducting Stage 2 research are discussed. The implications of culture-blind and multicultural psychologies for society and intergroup relations are also discussed. 相似文献