What's new in speech perception? The research and ideas of William Chandler Bagley, 1874-1946     

R A Cole  A I Rudnicky 《Psychological review》1983,90(1):94-101

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I Bodis-Wollner 《Perception》1972,1(1):73-83

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  总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

O I Lovaas  A Litrownik  R Mann 《Behaviour research and therapy》1971,9(1):39-49

We studied three groups of children (mute autistics, autistics with echolalic speech, and normals) under two conditions (while the children were engaged in self-stimulation vs. free from self-stimulatory behavior). The children were trained to approach a dispenser, for candy reinforcement, at the sound of a tone. The time interval between the onset of the tone and Ss approach was labelled his response latency. We found that (1) the presence of self-stimulatory behavior was associated with increased response latencies for the mute autistics; (2) the response latencies of the latter group decreased as Ss received increased training in responding to the auditory stimulus; (3) the amount of self-stimulatory behavior varied with the magnitude of reinforcement for other behavior; (4) in a preliminary way, we obtained some control over the response latencies by experimentally manipulating the amount of self-stimulatory behavior. The data were conceptualized in terms of competing reinforcers.  相似文献   

    

J Feldon  N Avnimelech-Gigus  I Weiner 《Behavioral and neural biology》1990,53(2):189-204

Male rats were either handled daily or left undisturbed (nonhandled) during the first 21 days of life. At weaning (Day 22) animals in each early treatment condition were assigned to two housing conditions, isolated or grouped, creating four early/late treatment conditions: Handled-Grouped (HG), Handled-Isolated (HI), Nonhandled-Grouped (NHG), and Nonhandled-Isolated (NHI). At maturity, all animals were tested in the latent inhibition (LI, Experiment 1) and the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE, Experiment 2) paradigms. In LI, animals receiving prior nonreinforced preexposure to a stimulus (PE) show subsequently retarded conditioning to that stimulus as compared to nonpreexposed (NPE) controls. In the PREE, partially reinforced (PRF) animals exhibit higher resistance to extinction as compared to continuously reinforced (CRF) controls. LI and PREE were obtained in the HG condition, but were impaired in NHG and HI animals. The pattern of impairment was different in the two conditions. The absence of LI in NHG males was due to increased suppression in the PE group, whereas in HI males, was due to decreased suppression in the NPE group. Likewise, the attenuation of the PREE in NHG males stemmed primarily from decreased resistance to extinction in the PRF group, whereas in HI males, it resulted from increased resistance to extinction in the CRF group. The combination of nonhandling and isolation led to the reinstatement of both LI and PREE: normal LI and PREE were obtained in the NHI animals. These results demonstrate that early rearing experience interacts with later experience differentially depending upon the later experience.  相似文献   

    

Donald E. Conlon  E. Allan Lind  Robin I. Lissak 《Journal of applied social psychology》1989,19(13):1085-1099

It has generally been assumed that increases in the concrete outcomes of a procedure will result in judgments of greater procedural and distributive fairness, but research on this topic has been inconsistent. Using a classic procedural justice paradigm (Walker, LaTour, Lind, &. Thibaut, 1974), the experiment tested the effects of four levels of outcome. Forty-eight male and female undergraduates were led to believe that their team had been wrongfully charged with cheating in a business simulation game. An adversary adjudication was held, purportedly to resolve the charge. The outcome of the adjudication was confiscation of all, two thirds, one third, or none of the subject's monetary winnings from the game. Both procedural and distributive fairness measures showed dear nonlinear outcome effects. The relationship between outcomes and both fairness measures showed some evidence of being nonmonotonic as well: A two-thirds loss resulted in less favorable reactions than did a total loss. Ratings on other scales suggest that the nonlinear effects are due to beliefs that the judge did not fully consider the evidence in the two-thirds loss and one-third loss conditions. The discussion focuses on the theoretical implications of the findings for procedural justice and social exchange processes and the practical implications for conflict resolution procedure.  相似文献   

  总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

V B Brown  M S Ridgely  B Pepper  I S Levine  H Ryglewicz 《The American psychologist》1989,44(3):565-569

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C W Ellison  I J Firestone 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1974,29(5):655-663

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L J Stricker  P I Jacobs  N Kogan 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1974,30(2):198-207

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W F Ross  W T McReynolds  J I Berzins 《Psychological reports》1974,34(2):611-616

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E Taub  I A Goldberg 《Perception》1974,3(4):393-405

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