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For the clustering problem with general (not necessarily symmetric) relational constraints, different sets of feasible clusterings, also called clustering types, determined by the same relation, can be defined. In this paper some clustering types are discussed and adaptations of the hierarchical clustering method compatible with these clustering types are proposed. 相似文献
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In response to comments by Perugini and Richetin and by Ashton, we discuss the reference‐group effect as a potential source of distortion in cross‐cultural comparisons and suggest some research designs to test its nature and importance. We argue that laboratory studies of personality are of limited utility in understanding personality questionnaire responses in real life. We summarise evidence in favour of the validity of aggregate personality traits and suggest that more scepticism is needed with regard to the accuracy of national character stereotypes. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Finn Ferdinand Garoff Kati Heinonen Anu‐Katriina Pesonen Fredrik Almqvist 《Journal of Family Therapy》2012,34(1):4-23
This study explores the role of family functioning in therapeutic change in focused individual psychodynamic psychotherapy (FIPP) and time‐limited systems integrative family therapy (SIFT) for depressed children and adolescents. After a screening process, 72 participants aged 8 to 15 were randomized to either FIPP or time‐limited SIFT. Assessments took place prior to, at the end of, and 6 months after treatment. Families in both SIFT and FIPP showed a small but significant and sustained improvement in family functioning by the end of treatment in both mothers' self‐reports and family therapists' assessments. Better family functioning at baseline in mothers' self‐reports and improved family functioning during SIFT, as assessed by family therapists, predicted a sustained decrease in self‐reported depressive symptoms. Results indicated that time‐limited SIFT may be more effective with younger children and in patients without a diagnosis of double depression than adolescents. 相似文献
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René Mõttus Jüri Allik Anu Realo Helle Pullmann Jérôme Rossier Gregory Zecca Jennifer Ah‐Kion Dénis Amoussou‐Yéyé Martin Bäckström Rasa Barkauskiene Oumar Barry Uma Bhowon Fredrik Björklund Aleksandra Bochaver Konstantin Bochaver Gideon P. de Bruin Helena F. Cabrera Sylvia Xiaohua Chen A. Timothy Church Daouda Dougoumalé Cissé Donatien Dahourou Xiaohang Feng Yanjun Guan Hyi‐Sung Hwang Fazilah Idris Marcia S. Katigbak Peter Kuppens Anna Kwiatkowska Alfredas Laurinavicius Khairul Anwar Mastor David Matsumoto Rainer Riemann Joanna Schug Brian Simpson Caroline Ng Tseung 《欧洲人格杂志》2012,26(3):303-317
In cross‐national studies, mean levels of self‐reported phenomena are often not congruent with more objective criteria. One prominent explanation for such findings is that people make self‐report judgements in relation to culture‐specific standards (often called the reference group effect), thereby undermining the cross‐cultural comparability of the judgements. We employed a simple method called anchoring vignettes in order to test whether people from 21 different countries have varying standards for Conscientiousness, a Big Five personality trait that has repeatedly shown unexpected nation‐level relationships with external criteria. Participants rated their own Conscientiousness and that of 30 hypothetical persons portrayed in short vignettes. The latter type of ratings was expected to reveal individual differences in standards of Conscientiousness. The vignettes were rated relatively similarly in all countries, suggesting no substantial culture‐related differences in standards for Conscientiousness. Controlling for the small differences in standards did not substantially change the rankings of countries on mean self‐ratings or the predictive validities of these rankings for objective criteria. These findings are not consistent with mean self‐rated Conscientiousness scores being influenced by culture‐specific standards. The technique of anchoring vignettes can be used in various types of studies to assess the potentially confounding effects of reference levels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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In three experiments, we examine the efficacy of counterfactual thinking (CFT) as a strategy to enhance consumers' motivation to process and use nutrition information on food packages. In the first study, we test whether CFT leads to greater motivation to process nutrition label information in the process of forming product attitudes. We also test whether motivation mediates the relationship between CFT and the influence of the nutrition label in product evaluation. In a second study, we test the effect of upward versus downward CFT on motivation. We also examine whether nutrition information on food packages moderates the relationship between CFT and product attitudes. In a third study, we examined the duration of the motivational effect of CFT. Results from the three studies support the role of CFT as a mechanism that enhances consumers' motivation to elaborate on and use nutrition information to form product attitudes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Robert R. McCrae Wayne Chan Lee Jussim Filip De Fruyt Corinna E. Löckenhoff Marleen De Bolle Paul T. Costa Martina Hřebíčková Sylvie Graf Anu Realo Jüri Allik Katsuharu Nakazato Yoshiko Shimonaka Michelle Yik Emília Ficková Marina Brunner-Sciarra Norma Reátigui Nora Leibovich de Figueora Antonio Terracciano 《Journal of research in personality》2013,47(6):831-842
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Why can't a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Schmitt DP Realo A Voracek M Allik J 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(1):168-182
Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N = 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development--including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth--were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men's personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men and women may be attenuated. 相似文献
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