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861.
A number of measures have been used in epidemiological studies of children's exposure to community violence, yet the quality
of these instruments is not uniformly good. This paper undertakes a systematic review of the most commonly used (or most promising)
self-report or interview-administered instruments, with regard to their conceptual bases and psychometric properties. Based
on the review, recommendations are made for working with the current state of the science in order to move the field forward.
A key recommendation is for sounder conceptualization of work in the field and greater transparency in the reporting of research,
in order to facilitate the comparability of studies. 相似文献
862.
At what stage does semantic priming affect accuracy in target search? In two experiments, participants viewed two streams of stimuli, each including a target word among distractors. Stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) between the targets (T1 and T2) ranged from 53 to 213 msec. A word semantically related to one or neither of the targets preceded each trial. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to report both targets. Although more primed than unprimed targets were reported, there was no cost for unprimed words. A strong interaction between SOA and T1 versus T2 was found, but priming did not interact with either variable. In Experiment 2, only related targets were reported. Performance was similar to that for primed targets in Experiment 1. Semantic priming does not seem to modulate how attentional resources are initially allocated between targets, but instead affects a later stage of processing, the point at which a target word reaches lexical identification. 相似文献
863.
Recall effects attributed to distinctiveness have been explained by both encoding and retrieval accounts. Resolution of this theoretical controversy has been clouded because the typical methodology confounds the encoding and retrieval contexts. Using bizarre and common sentences as materials, we introduce a paradigm that decouples the nature of the encoding context (mixed vs. unmixed lists of items) from the retrieval set (mixed vs. unmixed retrieval sets). Experiment 1 presented unmixed lists for study, and Experiment 2 presented mixed lists for study. In both experiments, significant bizarreness effects were obtained in free recall when the retrieval set intermixed items but not when the retrieval set consisted of only one item type. Also, Experiment 1, using a repeated testing procedure, did not reveal evidence for more extensive encoding of bizarre sentences than of common sentences. The results support the idea that retrieval dynamics primarily mediate the bizarreness effect, and perhaps more generally, distinctiveness effects. 相似文献
864.
Jones TC 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(4):575-587
The history of drug/vaccine development has included major advances guided primarily by risk/benefit analyses concerning the
innovative agent, not by evidence-based clinical trials (Phase I–IV). Because the approval for new drugs is hindered under
the present process, the system requires restructuring.
The Phase I/II study period should be more flexible, using the “environment of knowledge” about the new agent, plus risk/benefit
assessments. Phase III, as presently constructed, does not add new adverse events data, it provides a narrower profile of
drug efficacy than properly done Phase II studies, and placebo-controlled trials continue to raise unresolved ethical and
social issues. Phase III studies should be abandoned for most drugs, and substituted with properly powered Phase II doseranging
studies plus careful post-marketing surveillance. Phase III should be a penalty for poor drug development, not a regulatory
requirement.
To accomplish efficient drug development, greater cooperation between pharmaceutical companies and governments in developing
clinical trials is needed rather than over-regulation. These changes will synchronize the drug development and regulatory
process with the current rapid drug discovery process, reduce drug development time and cost, and improve patient care.
The author is Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA. 相似文献
865.
866.
Robert ?Biswas-Diener Joar?Vitters? Ed ?DienerEmail author 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2005,6(3):205-226
Diener and Diener (1996; Psychological Science 7: 181–185) suggested that most people are happy, and offered support for this
claim from surveys in industrialized societies. We extend their findings to include people who lead materially simple lives
and live in cultures far removed from those of typical survey respondents. We found that the Kenyan Maasai, the United States
Amish, and the Greenlandic Inughuit, all reported positive levels of life satisfaction, domain satisfaction, and affect balance
(more frequent positive emotions than negative ones). Across satisfaction and affect measures, including methods in addition
to global self-reports, our 358 respondents from these cultures were one average, positive on all 54 scales, and significantly
above neutral on 53 of them. Across all measures and samples 84% of participants scored above neutral. However, nobody was
perfectly happy and satisfied, and the groups reported unique configurations of satisfaction and affect. Although all three
groups were high in satisfaction with so cial domains, the Amish reported lower satisfaction with self-related domains, and
the Maasai and Inughuit were relatively lower in satisfaction with material domains. All three groups reported frequent positive
emotions, but only the Maasai reported frequent feelings of pride. Thus, the fact that most people tend to be moderately happy
does not mean that they are ecstatic, or that there is no variation across cultures in happiness. 相似文献
867.
Spławiński J 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(1):71-74
In this presentation, principles of ethics are confronted with the desire of the inventor to make a profit. To this end the
presentation is focused on patent protection. Patents should guarantee the return of an inventor’s investment and profit and,
on the other side, ensure availability — by patent disclosure — of the invention for the society when the patent terminates.
Recent patent applications made by inventors are infringing this principle and societies are paying an unexpected price for
these practices. Patent claims are too broad and disclosures too poor. Extreme examples will be discussed.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “The Ethics of Intellectual Property Rights
and Patents,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 23–24 April, 2004. 相似文献
868.
The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
A substantial proportion of children and adolescents come to suffer from psychological disorders. This article focuses on
the temperament factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of child psychopathology. It is argued that besides the reactive
temperament factor of emotionality/neuroticism, the regulative process of effortful control also plays an important role in
the etiology and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing problems in youths. More specifically, vulnerability to child
psychopathology is determined by a temperament that is characterized by high levels of emotionality/neuroticism and low levels
of effortful control. Models are hypothesized in which reactive and regulative temperament factors either have interactive
or additive effects on the development of psychological disorders in children, and conceptualized in terms of a developmental
psychopathology perspective. Directions for future research and clinical implications of this temperamental view on psychopathology
are discussed. 相似文献
869.
870.