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21.
Moretti R Torre P Antonello RM Carraro N Zambito-Marsala S Ukmar MJ Capus L Gioulis M Cazzato G Bava A 《Perceptual and motor skills》2002,94(2):677-694
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) is a still debated condition, of which motor disruption is the most common feature. A high incidence of associated mood disorders may exist, but there are few studies on concomitant cognitive impairment. Our aim was to assess whether there is reading and writing disruption in olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). 6 patients were administered different reading and writing tasks. Scores were then compared to those obtained by healthy volunteers. There was an evident impairment in reading and writing execution in our patients compared to those of the control group. On the contrary, no difference could be found in abstraction, problem-solving, and memory tasks. We discuss the results, debating the role of the cerebellum in the conscious process of cognition or in ocular movement control (necessary for reading and writing fluidity and effective execution) and in the dynamic activation of all the cerebral cortex mediated by the diffuse projection to the reticular system. 相似文献
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A model of the antecedents and reactions to health-related social control is proposed. This model suggests health behavior characteristics, including type, frequency, and severity of consequences, are social control antecedents. Social control is then thought to elicit better health behavior and emotions. Attributions to explain social control are proposed to effect emotional reactions and behavior. Undergraduates read hypothetical scenarios to test the proposed model. Study 1 found that health-compromising behaviors and behaviors with more severe consequences elicited more social control. Study 2 found that, compared to negative tactics, positive social control tactics elicited more behavior change, and compared to social/appearance concerns, attributions to health elicited positive emotions. Attributions did not moderate the impact of social control on emotions or behavior. 相似文献
25.
Bentrovato S Devescovi A D'Amico S Wicha N Bates E 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2003,32(4):417-430
The effects of sentence context and grammatical gender on lexical access were investigated in Italian using a timed word-naming paradigm. Large main effects of both sentence context and the gender of the article were observed; the interaction between gender and semantics was significant over subjects. Strong facilitation by both gender and semantics was observed, relative to a neutral-control baseline condition. Results are compared with (1) a prior study with the same design, using a picture-naming paradigm, except that objects described by written words were replaced by pictures (Bentrovato, Devescovi, D'Amico, & Bates, 1999); (2) a separate norming study of timed word reading in a list format, using the same stimuli (D'Amico, Devescovi, & Bates, 2001); and (3) a prior study of German comparing word and picture naming in short, semantically neutral phrases (Jacobsen, 1999). Differences in methodology and in findings between the Italian word naming and the German word naming are compared and discussed. Findings of the present study are interpreted in support of interactive-activation models in which different sources of information are combined on-line to predict, anticipate, or preactivate lexical targets. 相似文献
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Moretti R Torre P Antonello RM Fabbro F Cazzato G Bava A 《Perceptual and motor skills》2003,97(1):215-229
Writing is a complex process requiring visual memory, attention, phonological and semantic operations, and motor performance. For that reason, it can easily be disturbed by interfering with attention, memory, by interfering subvocalization, and so on. With 16 female third-year students (23.4 +/- 0.8 yr.) from the University of Trieste, we investigated the production of errors in three experimental conditions (control, articulatory suppression, and tapping). In the articulatory suppression condition, the participants produced significantly more linguistic impairments (such as agrammatism, unrelated substitutions, sentence omissions, and semantically deviant sentences), which are similar to linguistic impairments found in aphasia. On the tapping condition there were more perseverations, deletions, and substitutions of both letters and words. These data suggest that writing is not an automatic skill. Only after many years of experience and practice of processing information (through cortical to subcortical channels) can writing be considered an automatic skill. Limited experimental conditions can disrupt the writing system of normal subjects, probably interfering with the cortical to subcortical loops, and link normality to pathology. 相似文献
27.
Anna?SzékelyEmail author Simonetta?D’Amico Antonella?Devescovi Kara?Federmeier Dan?Herron Gowri?Iyer Thomas?Jacobsen Elizabeth?Bates 《Behavior research methods》2003,35(4):621-633
Factors affecting word retrieval were compared in a timed picture-naming paradigm for 520 drawings of objects. In prior timed
and untimed studies by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) and Snodgrass and Yuditsky (1996), concerns were raised that participants
could not reliably name large numbers of items in a single session. We show that reliable results are obtained in a single
session for 520 items and validate our method against previous findings by Snodgrass and colleagues for overlapping items.
For these items, comparable levels of name agreement and latency are obtained, and we replicate effects of length, frequency,
both objective and subjective age of acquisition, and visual complexity on reaction time (RT) and name agreement measures.
Name agreement is unaffected by order of presentation, although there is a gradual increase in RTs across the session, requiring
use of multiple random orders. Current extensions of our method include cross-linguistic, bilingual, developmental, and neuropsychological
studies and comparisons of action naming and object naming. 相似文献
28.
Fred J. Hanna Fred Bemak Rita Chi-Ying Chung 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1999,77(2):125-134
Wisdom is introduced as a fundamental quality of the effective multicultural counselor. Wisdom is defined, discussed, and differentiated from intelligence. The authors propose that to be an effective multicultural counselor requires more than textbook knowledge. Wisdom, as a transcultural concept, is considered in relation to culture, context, dialectical thinking, awareness, metacognition, deep interpersonal insight, and advanced empathy. Implications for counselor education and professional practice are discussed. Wisdom is an ancient subject that may provide a “new” paradigm with the potential to bring the field to a higher plateau of effectiveness in practice and training. 相似文献
29.
The development and predictive relations of play and language across the second year. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The play and language development of 171 toddlers was examined at 14 and 18 months by observing their activities on the Symbolic Play Test and by assessing their language skills using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (MCDI) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Additionally, data from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the MCDI were obtained at 24 months, in order to investigate how play and language measures taken at 14 and 18 months predict children's development at the age of 2 years. The results showed that the vocabulary production and symbolic play of the 14-month-old toddlers made a unique contribution to their language and cognitive skills at the age of 2 years, while at 18 months only language variables made a similar contribution. Other-directed pretense discriminated between the children's subsequent language and cognitive skills best, whereas nonsymbolic play had no independent predictive contribution. Significant gender differences were found in the use of nonsymbolic and symbolic play acts already at 14 months. Gender did not, however, contribute to the prediction of the children's subsequent skills, whereas maternal education significantly added to the prediction of the 2-year-olds' maximum sentence length and that of their cognitive development. 相似文献
30.
Pavese and Umiltà found that, in an enumeration task, Stroop-like interference is larger when the digit identity is symbolically
close to the enumeration response than when it is symbolically far. In two experiments testing 49 undergraduates, we further
explored this phenomenon using Francolini and Egeth's paradigm. We found that symbolic distance affected interference even
when the stimulus was briefly presented and masked. In Exp. 2, which tested numerosities outside the subitizing range, individuals
used a different enumeration strategy but showed the same symbolic distance effect. These results support the hypothesis that
Stroop interference found in enumeration tasks depends on a rapid and automatic activation of digits' magnitude representation.
Received: 10 November 1997 / Accepted: 23 June 1998 相似文献