Test adaptation to other cultures: a practical approach

The aim of this study was to show the practical steps to be followed in the adaptation of instruments for measuring psychological constructs across cultures. For this purpose, the adaptation process of the NEO PI-R from Spanish into Basque is thoroughly described. In order to avoid the sources of error that researchers could encounter during the adaptation process, established guidelines are followed. In the stage which focuses on the empirical validation of the instrument to be used, four studies are described that examine the following aspects: dimensionality, convergent and differential validity, internal consistency of each dimension, and the possible differential item functioning with regard to gender and life stage (youth or adulthood). In the light of the results obtained, we conclude that the Basque version of NEO PI-R guarantees an adequate assessment of personality from the Big Five viewpoint. These studies illustrate how to obtain evidence about the degree of validity of the adapted version of a test, which is the key feature of any adaptation process.     

Sacred cinema: exploring Christian sensibilities within popular Hollywood films

Numerous Christian sensibilities have permeated the popular cinema, but they are frequently undetected, unappreciated or unwanted by those fearful of the cinema’s potentially corrupting effect. Yet, a postmodern religious education requires the embracement of this communication media, not its rejection, employing discernment not denial. A first step in this corrective process is to raise the profession’s consciousness about the possibilities of sacred cinema, which is the primary purpose of this paper. Consequently, using textually based, humanist film criticism as the analytical lens, the critical film and religion literature was reviewed, the popular Hollywood cinema scanned and the following areas explicated herein, namely: (a) holy plotlines, (b) divine symbolism, and (c) sacred subtexts—the Christ‐figure. All three categories were supplied with copious inter‐genre exemplars to demonstrate their diversity and richness. It was concluded that the sacred cinema is a legitimate pop culture phenomenon and a living genre that has immense pedagogic utility for religious education aimed squarely at the proverbial children‐of‐the‐media. As such, it should be proactively employed as a postmodern act of applied cinema that simultaneously values the audiovisual, education and enjoyment. Further research into this emerging and exciting interdisciplinary field was recommended.     

Immortality and boredom: a response to Wisnewski

This article contributes to the ongoing debate initiated by Bernard Williams’ claim that, due to the non-contingent finitude of the categorical desires that give meaning to our lives, an immortal life would necessarily become intolerably boring. Jeremy Wisnewski has argued that even if immortality involves periods in which our categorical desires have been exhausted, this need not divest life of meaning since some categorical desires are revivable. I argue that careful reflection upon the thought-experiments adduced by Wisnewski reveals that they do not substantiate his proposal, and hence that a plausible reason for rejecting Williams’ position has not been provided.     

The ‘crisis’ in social psychology,an empirical approach

The preponderance of empirical research in social psychology has ofren been a central issue in the ‘crisis literature’. However, no extensive empirical study has ever been undertaken vis a vis the ‘crisis’ in social psychology. In two studies, factors effecting the perceptions of social psychologists of their discipline were investigated. Although in the first study, among Dutch social psychologists, four hypotheses were tested and confirmed, a large part of the total variance in the perception of the ‘crisis’ remained unexplained. In the second study, both a worldwide sample of active social psychological researchers as well as a sample of authors of the ‘crisis literature’ were surveyed. The stances of both groups differed considerably. Although a majority of the active researchers did not agree that a crisis is at hand in social psychology, a large minority did. The active researchers agreed with many of the criticisms of social psychological research and theorizing. Attitudes on nine central issues, including the functioning of the editor/reviewer publishing system, predicted a large percentage of the total variance in the subjects' attitude toward the existence of a ‘crisis’ in their discipline.     

Latent class models for nonmonotone dichotomous items

Starting from perfectly discriminating nonmonotone dichotomous items, a class of probabilistic models with or without response errors and with or without intrinsically unscalable respondents is described. All these models can be understood as simply restricted latent class analysis. Thus, the estimation and identifiability of the parameters (class sizes and item latent probabilities) as well as the chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests (Pearson and likelihood-ratio) are free of the problems. The applicability of the proposed variants of latent class models is demonstrated on real attitudinal data.This research was supported by the Kulturamt der Stadt Wien, Magistratsabteilung 7.The author wishes to thank the editor, Ivo W. Molenaar, as well as Clifford C. Clogg and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the earlier drafts of this paper.