Relation between verbal recall and visual recognition of the same stimuli in young children

Five-year-old children (N = 112) were shown drawings of common objects three times either as a naming-and-learning task or as a preference task (incidental learning). A verbal recall test followed by a class- and item-recognition test, scaled to reflect the accuracy of item recognition, were given either 2 min or two weeks after presentation. Intentional learning with naming led to better immediate recall than incidental learning, but the recognition and delayed recall scores were equal for the two learning conditions. The probability of verbal recall of object names was in each case uncorrelated with the accuracy of visual recognition of the same objects by the same Ss. The results are closely similar to those obtained with adult Ss by Bahrick and Boucher (1968).     

A test of the assumptions of multidimensional scaling by separating sensitivity and response bias

Summary This study investigates one of the main assumptions underlying multidimensional scaling models. It is tested whether the violation of decomposability found in previous studies can be explained by variation in sensitivity or in response bias. Rectangles of different shape served as stimuli in an experiment using a matching procedure. In addition the probability for presenting pairs of identical stimuli was varied. The data were analysed by a model separating response bias and sensitivity. Six versions of the model with different numbers of parameters were applied. The results suggest that the violation of decomposability comes from variation in sensitivity and not in response bias.This research was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to the first author. All computing was done on the Telefunken TR 440 of the Deutsches Rechenzentrum Darmstadt.     

O2 multistep method as a supplement to therapy of standard brain energy balance disorders]

The possibility of improving the brain's energy state by the O2 multistep method is discussed. An outline is given of several variations of the O2 multistep method, and this is followed by a discussion of the results of studies of the increase and decrease in concentration of high-energy phosphates in the brains of rats during and after the O2 multistep process. In conclusion, the author reports a twin series of tests where psychic irritations lasting for a short time only were triggered and in which such irritations were suppressed through using the O2 multistep procedure.     

The instrumental and the focal child: Two patterns of parent-child dynamics in separation-impeding families

This study has discussed two distinct relational patterns which can occur between parents suffering from a narcissistic disturbance and their children: the instrumental and the focal child syndromes. Individual and intergenerational dynamics were examined. The typical outcomes for the child were outlined.