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251.
Wen Xue Donald W. Hine Anthony D. G. Marks Wendy J. Phillips Shouying Zhao 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2016,19(2):134-144
We investigated the association between cultural worldviews and climate change risk perceptions, support for climate friendly policies and climate change mitigation behaviours in a large Chinese sample. Items from Dake's cultural theory scales and Kahan's cultural cognition scale were presented to a Qualtrics online panel consisting of 515 Mandarin‐speaking residents of Beijing. A series of factor analyses revealed that the combined item sets were best represented by four‐dimensions: hierarchism, individualism, egalitarianism and fatalism. Mediation analysis revealed that respondents with egalitarian and non‐fatalist worldviews perceived greater risk associated with climate change, which in turn predicted greater support for policies to manage climate change and increased mitigation behaviour. In addition, respondents who scored high on individualism were less likely to support climate change policies, but this effect was not mediated by risk perceptions. Overall, our results suggest cultural worldviews may influence policy support both directly and indirectly through risk perceptions. 相似文献
252.
Carol Opdebeeck Anthony Martyr 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2016,23(1):40-60
The associations between proxy measures of cognitive reserve (CR) and cognition vary across studies and cognitive domains. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the relationship between CR and cognition in multiple domains (memory, executive function, visuospatial ability, and language). CR was considered in terms of three key proxy measures – educational level, occupational status, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities – individually and in combination. One-hundred and thirty-five studies representing 128,328 participants were included. Of these, 109 used a measure of education, 19 used a measure of occupation, 31 used a measure of participation in cognitively stimulating activities, and 6 used a combination of these. All three proxy measures had a modest positive association with cognition; occupational status and cognitive activities showed the most variation across cognitive domains. This supports the view that the commonly used proxy measures of CR share an underlying process but that each additionally provides a unique contribution to CR. 相似文献
253.
With the call from federal and state officials to increase access to high-quality early childhood education only growing louder, programs continue to struggle to attract and support a workforce capable of providing such instruction and care. One critical component of this support is the construction of a workplace environment that teachers perceive as psychologically safe and in which they feel capable of engaging in the challenging work of early childhood education. In the present set of case studies, the authors explore the extent to which a previously developed model of psychosocial safety climate applies to preschool contexts. Using teacher focus groups and administrator interviews the authors present examples of directors’ management practices and center’s policies and procedures that reflect a degree of valuing of teacher well-being and psychological safety. Additionally, the ways teachers’ experiences of the climate relate to their beliefs and behaviors in the classroom are explored. 相似文献
254.
Anthony P. Winston 《Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy》2016,15(4):309-318
ABSTRACTThis article explores the idea of anorexia nervosa as a narcissistic disorder, in which the denial of the need for food symbolically represents a denial of the need for relatedness and dependence. Narcissism is a state in which self and object are undifferentiated and all objects are felt to be within the individual’s omnipotent control. Primary narcissism occurs when the capacity for object relations has never developed and secondary narcissism develops as a defense against dependence which is associated with overwhelming anxiety, envy, or fear of disappointment. Both processes can occur in anorexia nervosa, which provides a cognitive and behavioral framework for the expression and maintenance of the narcissistic position. Narcissistic anorexia is a state of omnipotent isolation in which the patient denies one of her most basic needs and rejects a powerful source of connection with the outside world. An important aim of therapy is to help the patient to develop a capacity for object relations and to be able to acknowledge dependence. This is achieved through coming to experience the therapist as separate and real and requires the therapist to resist being taken over by the patient’s projections. 相似文献
255.
Robert B. Ricco Anthony Sierra 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2016,69(6):1129-1144
An arguer's position at a given point in an argument can be characterized as a set of commitments. The present study considers the perceptions of ordinary language users about the implications of making a concession for the contents of the conceder's commitment set. In particular, we examine two sources of influence on such lay perceptions—conversational distance (i.e., the number of turns separating the concession from commitments incurred earlier in the argument) and an individual's prior beliefs regarding the content of the argument. Across two studies, college students were administered an argument task assessing the extent to which a concession by the protagonist of an argument on the last move indicated changes to other commitments incurred earlier in the argument. Results indicated that participants were more likely to judge a concession as indicating a change in prior commitments if (a) the commitment was incurred later in the argument than earlier, and (b) the participant disagreed with the protagonists’ thesis in the argument. In addition, performance on deductive reasoning tasks predicted individual differences in the conversational distance effect, but not the belief bias effect. 相似文献
256.
Anthony Scioli Erica R. Scioli-Salter Keith Sykes Christina Anderson Michael Fedele 《The journal of positive psychology》2016,11(2):135-148
A link between hope and physical well-being has long been suspected. To shed further light on this issue, an integrative theory of hope was used to design three health-related studies. In studies one and two, an integrative hope scale was used. In study one, greater hope was associated with depth of commitment to a healthier diet and regular exercise. In study two, the integrative hope scale was associated with a wider array of health behaviors as compared to a standard goal-oriented hope scale. In study three, a hope-centered content analysis of testimonies provided by long-term breast cancer survivors revealed a strong reliance on attachment and spirituality, dimensions typically neglected in psychological studies of this [hope] construct. An integrative approach to hope offers a framework for further research on hope and health as well as a blueprint for developing positive interventions to sustain and restore physical well-being. 相似文献
257.
The link between an adult's learning capabilities and an organization's learning and adaptation is highlighted in this study of workers in a new training program. Studies have found that worker productivity differences are rooted in psychological factors. The most successful firms have supportive workplace psychologies that foster perspective transformation, yield high productivity, high involvement, high job satisfaction, low cost, and high profits. This study suggests the importance of workers having a whole-organization perspective. The findings of this study are generalizable to other organizations making the transition from training to learning in which individuals learn to continuously grow, develop, and problem solve to the benefit of all. 相似文献
258.
259.
Super-learning of Causal Judgements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael R. F. Aitken Mark J. W. Larkin Anthony Dickinson 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology》2000,53(1):59-81
In three experiments, participants learned which of a variety of foods were capable of causing an allergic reaction in a hypothetical patient during training in which a compound of a treatment and a target food cue was paired with the reaction. In Experiment 1 the causal ratings of the target cue were increased if the treatment cue was pretrained as a preventative cause of the reaction. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that the magnitude of this superlearning is unaffected by the order of compound and treatment cue training. The final study also showed that forward super-learning is not induced solely by simple exposure to the treatment cue prior to compound training but, rather, depends upon training the treatment cue as a preventative cause, whereas retrospective super-learning may be due merely to exposure of the treatment cue. These results are problematic for contingency-based accounts of causal induction but accord with modified and extended associative theories. 相似文献
260.
The way in which information about proportions, amounts, frequencies, probabilities, degrees of confidence, and risk is portrayed in natural language is not neutral, but reflects presuppositions and assumed norms. In this paper we present a review of evidence in support of this position. We show that the choice of expressions for communication depends in a systematic way on the kinds of inferences communicators draw. We go on to discuss the consequences of this for attribution phenomena, aspects of reasoning, the portrayal of uncertainty, and responses to questionnaires. We also suggest that communicator preferences for using language rather than numbers may have to do with human reasoning being argument‐based, rather than with a preference for vagueness, as has been commonly claimed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献