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101.
The hypothesis that human reasoning and decision-making can be roughly modeled by Expected Utility Theory has been at the
core of decision science. Accumulating evidence has led researchers to modify the hypothesis. One of the latest additions
to the field is Dual Process theory, which attempts to explain variance between participants and tasks when it comes to deviations
from Expected Utility Theory. It is argued that Dual Process theories at this point cannot replace previous theories, since
they, among other things, lack a firm conceptual framework, and have no means of producing independent evidence for their
case. 相似文献
102.
Annika Melinder Gustaf Gredebäck Alissa Westerlund Charles A. Nelson 《Developmental science》2010,13(4):588-598
We investigated the neural processing underlying own‐age versus other‐age faces among 5‐year‐old children and adults, as well as the effect of orientation on face processing. Upright and inverted faces of 5‐year‐old children, adults, and elderly adults (> 75 years of age) were presented to participants while ERPs and eye tracking patterns were recorded concurrently. We found evidence for an own‐age bias in children, as well as for predicted delayed latencies and larger amplitudes for inverted faces, which replicates earlier findings. Finally, we extend recent reports about an expert‐sensitive component (P2) to other‐race faces to account for similar effects in regard to other‐age faces. We conclude that differences in neural activity are strongly related to the amount and quality of experience that participants have with faces of various ages. Effects of orientation are discussed in relation to the holistic hypothesis and recent data that compromise this view. 相似文献
103.
Sara Macellini Pier Francesco Ferrari Luca Bonini Leonardo Fogassi Annika Paukner 《Animal cognition》2010,13(4):631-639
Classic mirror self-recognition mark tests involve familiarizing the subject with its mirror image, surreptitiously applying
a mark on the subject’s eyebrow, nose, or ear, and measuring self-directed behaviors toward the mark. For many non-human primate
species, however, direct gaze at the face constitutes an aggressive and threatening signal. It is therefore possible that
monkeys fail the mark test because they do not closely inspect their faces in a mirror and hence they have no expectations
about their physical appearance. In the current study, we prevented two pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) from seeing their own faces in a mirror, and we adopted a modified version of the classic mark test in which monkeys were
marked on the chest, a body region to which they normally have direct visual access but that in the current study was visible
only via a mirror. Neither monkey tried to touch the mark on its chest, possibly due to a failure to understand the mirror
as a reflective surface. To further the monkeys’ understanding of the mirror image, we trained them to reach for food using
the mirror as the only source of information. After both monkeys had learned mirror-mediated reaching, we replicated the mark
test. In this latter phase of the study, only one monkey scratched the red dye on the chest once. The results are consistent
with other findings suggesting that monkeys are not capable of passing a mark test and imply that face and body recognition
rely on the same cognitive abilities. 相似文献
104.
Annika L. Meinecke Lisa Handke Lena C. Mueller-Frommeyer Simone Kauffeld 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2020,29(4):483-500
ABSTRACT Despite the growing consensus that the majority of psychological phenomena at work are temporally embedded and highly dynamic, existing research is often based on simplified theoretical and methodological models, which take limited account of process dynamics and especially non-linear growth trajectories. In this paper, we highlight the potentials of using recurrence quantifications analysis (RQA) and an extension of RQA – cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) – for researching process dynamics in organizations. (C)RQA is a powerful technique that can be used to both visualize and quantify time-series data such as repeated measurements of psychological states or sequentially coded dyadic and team interactions. To illustrate the manifold opportunities of (C)RQA, we present three application examples focusing on individuals as systems, dyads as systems, and teams as systems. Specifically, we highlight how (C)RQA can be applied to individual diary data, to leader-follower communication dynamics observed during annual appraisal interviews, and to high-density coded team interactions observed during organizational meetings. We discuss the strengths and limitations of (C)RQA and provide recommendations for researchers interested in using the method. 相似文献
105.
106.
ABSTRACTSelf-regulation in preschool-aged children is a much-researched topic, but there are still disagreements regarding the dimensionality of the construct. Most studies distinguish between hot and cool self-regulation and consider self-regulation as two-factorial. Hot self-regulation tasks refer to the ability to adapt appropriately to emotional stimuli, while cool self-regulation tasks are emotionally neutral. Our study contributes to the understanding of self-regulation at preschool age and reveals new insights concerning a more differentiated view of cool self-regulation. With a total sample of 434 preschool-aged children, we conducted confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses that demonstrated a three-factorial solution. In accordance with the variables that determined the factor structure, we inferred one hot and two cool self-regulation dimensions. We identified a time component in task scoring as a potential reason for the differentiation in cool self-regulation. The novelty of our findings and study limitations are considered. 相似文献