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Confronted with numerous scandals, sports organizations are turning to the adoption of ethical codes to attain more ethical behavior. However, the effectiveness of an ethical code as a means to increase ethical behavior remains debated; furthermore, the particular characteristics of a sports context have not yet been taken into account, nor have the different stages of code establishment been considered in evaluation. This article studies the effectiveness, as measured by the Ethical Climate Index, of ethical codes in sports organizations. Moreover, it investigates the effects of the presence, creation, content, implementation, and enforcement of ethical codes on ethical behavior in sports organizations. Our results shed a light on the conditions that need to be in place to install an effective ethical code in sports organizations: a genuine motivation to improve ethical behavior, the involvement of coaches, and the explicit targeting of the management. 相似文献
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Karyn Doba Jean-Louis Nandrino Annick Lesne Laurent Pezard 《New Ideas in Psychology》2008,26(2):295-308
Family theories of anorexia nervosa point out that patients’ autobiographic speech may reflect internalized family interactions. Our study characterizes the statistical distribution and temporal organization of the narrative components describing personal relationships in anorexic and control subjects. Semantic components related to personal interactions were encoded from life narratives of 14 adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa (restrictive type) and of 13 matched healthy adolescent girls. Speech analysis was performed using both statistical methods and non-linear time-series analysis. Static indices showed an over-representation of family relations and an under-representation of love relations in anorexic patients. Dynamical indices showed the independence between relational systems in anorexic patients. Dynamical analysis reveals that interactional patterns are internalized through the temporal organization of autobiographical speech. Moreover, these results support the existence of a specific temporal organization in anorexic adolescents’ life narratives which express the internalization of stationary family patterns and indicate relative inability to disengage from active previous relational patterns and to create new ones. 相似文献
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Apter G Devouche E Gratier M Valente M Nestour AL 《Journal of personality disorders》2012,26(3):357-367
Postnatal depression (PND) is a common condition that has been extensively researched specifically because of its negative impact on the mother-infant relationship. Psychiatric research has looked at comorbidity of major depressive disorder and found it to be strongly associated with Axis II disorders. This study's principal aim was to investigate whether there is a greater incidence of personality disorder (PD) among a PND population than among a non-PND population at 3 months postpartum. A secondary aim was to define the different types of PD. Depression was assessed with the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and PD was assessed with the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV) in 109 women with their 12-week-old infants. Twice as many depressed mothers had PD. The PND group presented a greater number of severe clinical symptoms than the nondepressed group (p < .002). Further research is necessary to reexamine the heterogeneity of PND and reassess its impact on infant development. 相似文献
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Annick F Mansfield 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1977,23(1):57-77
In two experiments, 5-, 7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children and college students were presented on each trial with a sentence followed by a probe word. Their task was to indicate whether the probe was in the sentence or not. Of primary interest were the false recognitions and the correct latencies that occurred when the probe word was a synonym or antonym of one of the words in the sentence (Experiment I) or when the probe was a subordinate, superordinate, part, or whole (Experiment II). The younger children were more affected by synonymy than antonymy, although the older children and adults were not. At all ages, the categorical relationships caused more recognition confusion than the partwhole relationships. Subjects were more affected when the probe was a superordinate than when it was a subordinate, and somewhat more affected when the probe was the whole than when it was the part. These results suggest that children as young as 5 years of age have well-organized conceptual systems based on shared meaning components. 相似文献
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Dynamical implication of anatomical and mechanical parameters in gait initiation process in children
This study analyses the incidence of anatomical (mass, height, inertia) and mechanical (gravity) parameters on the duration of gait initiation, from a standing posture, in children. Twenty-one children, aged 4, 6 and 8 years, participated in the study. Experimental and theoretical values of the duration of gait initiation are compared. The experimental data are computed from children's gait executed on a force plate. The theoretical data are computed by using an inverted-pendulum model. The results show that (1) duration of gait initiation is independent of gait velocity, as it is in adults; (2) the experimental values are very close to the theoretical values. These findings suggest that children's biomechanical constants are determining factors for initiating movement. It is hypothesized that the capacity to combine and adapt properties of the body with dynamics of the context is acquired through practice of independent walking. 相似文献
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In this article, we discuss where biomechanical analysis can contribute to our understanding of motor development, and more particularly in what ways biomechanics can contribute to (1) explaining the universal sequence in motor milestones; (2) explaining variations in developmental sequence between individuals; (3) understanding the impact of context on the actions of an individual; and (4) understanding, preventing, and managing chronic disabilities. In our view, biomechanics is concerned with the dynamics of the musculo‐skeletal system (MSS) and thus provides insights in the way motion is affected by the activation of muscles and the mechanical interaction between the MSS and the environment. Biomechanical analysis is important in understanding the development of actions that depend on the perceptual‐motor loop although it cannot provide a full account of the changes in the behaviour. The contributions and limitations of specific biomechanical analyses such as the inverse and forward dynamical models are discussed in the light of the article of Jensen (2005). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Extinction and renewal of Pavlovian modulation in human sequential Feature Positive discrimination learning
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Baeyens F Vansteenwegen D Beckers T Hermans D Kerkhof I De Ceulaer A 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(2):178-192
Using a conditioned suppression task, we investigated extinction and renewal of Pavlovian modulation in human sequential Feature Positive (FP) discrimination learning. In Experiment 1, in context a participants were first trained on two FP discriminations, X-->A+/A- and Y-->B+/B-. Extinction treatment was administered in the acquisition context a (aaa group) or in a new context b (aba group), and comprised X-->A- extinction and Y- control trials. Discriminative X-->A/A responding was lost in both groups when tested in the extinction context, but partially recovered in the aba and not in the aaa group when tested in the acquisition context, suggesting extinction and renewal of extinguished modulation. The same was observed for the Y-->B/B control pair, however, questioning whether the loss of discriminative X-->A/A responding represented genuine extinction of modulation. In Experiment 2, including only aba groups, participants were trained in context a on two FP discriminations, X-->A+/A- and Y-->B+/B-, after which the group "Extinction" was exposed to X-->A- extinction trials in context b, whereas the group "Control" was exposed to X- control trials; concurrently, both groups received further Y-->B+/B- training. In the group Control, differential Y-->B/B and X-->A/A responding were acquired and maintained throughout the experiment. In the group Extinction, while Y-->B/B responding was also maintained throughout, differential X-->A/A responding disappeared because of X-->A- extinction treatment when tested in the extinction context b, but partially reappeared when tested in the acquisition context a. This evidences aba-renewal of extinguished modulation. 相似文献