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221.
Rethinking the concepts of ‘local or global processors’: evidence from Williams syndrome,Down syndrome,and Autism Spectrum Disorders 下载免费PDF全文
Dean D'Souza Rhonda Booth Monica Connolly Francesca Happé Annette Karmiloff‐Smith 《Developmental science》2016,19(3):452-468
Both Williams syndrome (WS) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been characterized as preferentially processing local information, whereas in Down syndrome (DS) the reported tendency is to process stimuli globally. We designed a cross‐syndrome, cross‐task comparison to reveal similarities and differences in local/global processing in these disorders. Our in‐depth study compared local/global processing across modalities (auditory‐verbal/visuo‐spatial) and levels of processing (high/low) in the three syndromes. Despite claims in the literature, participants with ASD or WS failed to show a consistent local processing bias, while those with DS failed to show a reliable global processing bias. Depending on the nature of the stimuli and the task, both local and global processing biases were evident in all three neurodevelopmental disorders. These findings indicate that individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders cannot simply be characterized as local or global processors. 相似文献
222.
Creswell JD Lam S Stanton AL Taylor SE Bower JE Sherman DK 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(2):238-250
Although expressive writing has positive effects on health, little is known about the underlying psychological mechanisms for these effects. The present study assessed self-affirmation, cognitive processing, and discovery of meaning as potential mediators of the effects of expressive writing on physical health in early-stage breast cancer survivors. A content analysis of the essays showed that self-affirmation writing was associated with fewer physical symptoms at a 3-month follow-up assessment, with self-affirmation writing fully mediating the effects of the emotional expression and benefit-finding writing conditions on reduced physical symptoms. Cognitive processing and discovery of meaning writing were not associated with any physical health outcomes. Consistent with evidence showing that self-affirmation plays an important role in buffering stress, the present study provides the first evidence for self-affirmation as a viable mechanism underlying the health benefits of expressive writing. 相似文献
223.
Middleton A Wiles V Kershaw A Everest S Downing S Burton H Robathan S Landy A 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(2):143-155
Despite it being generally acknowledged that counseling supervision is a vital part of the work for experienced genetic counselors
and not just students, not all practising genetic counselors in the United Kingdom and Eire have access to this yet. This
case study documents the supervision experience of our team of genetic counselors from Cambridge in the U.K. We document our
retrospective thoughts on working practice before supervision was available in our department. We also give an overview of
the individual and collective views of having one-to-one supervision only and then one year later, the impact of adding group
supervision. Our ‘supervision journey’ is recorded using a practitioner-centred approach with a mixed method of data collection.
Two focus group discussions and two written questionnaires were used, at different time points to gather attitudes. This paper
captures experiences as our practice of supervision has evolved. This work is relevant to practising genetic counselors around
the world who either do not yet have access to supervision, are planning its implementation or else are adding different types
of supervision to their practice. 相似文献
224.
Annette K. Griffith Alexandra L. Trout M. Beth Chmelka Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer Michael H. Epstein Robert Reid Jonathan C. Huefner Debbie Orduna 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(1):31-38
Although females represent almost half of all youth involved in residential care in the US, very little is known about this
population. In order to examine differences in characteristics of male (n = 308) and female (n = 180) youth departing from residential care, data were collected on 488 youth from a large residential treatment facility
in the Midwest. Gender differences were assessed on 16 variables measured at the time of departure across family, education,
behavior, and departure domains. Overall, male and female youth departing from residential care were very similar for measures
collected at the time of departure. Only three variables (GPA at departure, number of school referrals during the previous
8 weeks, and planned departure) were found to be significantly different between males and females. Implications for future
research and the provision of aftercare services are discussed. 相似文献
225.
Dagmara Annaz Annette Karmiloff-Smith Mark H. Johnson Michael S.C. Thomas 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,102(4):456-486
We report a cross-syndrome comparison of the development of holistic processing in face recognition in school-aged children with developmental disorders: autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome. The autism group was split into two groups: one with high-functioning children and one with low-functioning children. The latter group has rarely been studied in this context. The four disorder groups were compared with typically developing children. Cross-sectional trajectory analyses were used to compare development in a modified version of Tanaka and Farah’s part–whole task. Trajectories were constructed linking part–whole performance either to chronological age or to several measures of mental age (receptive vocabulary, visuospatial construction, and the Benton Facial Recognition Test). In addition to variable delays in onset and rate of development, we found an atypical profile in all disorder groups. These profiles were atypical in different ways, indicating multiple pathways to, and variable outcomes in, the development of face recognition. We discuss the implications for theories of face recognition in both atypical and typical development, including the idea that part–whole and rotation manipulations may tap different aspects of holistic and/or configural processing. 相似文献
226.
K. M. Craig Edgar C. O'Neal S. Levi Taylor Elizabeth A. Yost Travis Langley Riklef Rambow Annette Allgwer Robert G. Folger 《Aggressive behavior》1993,19(5):355-360
Casting the classic provocation-retaliation paradigm in an equity framework, we hypothesized that persons realizing their retribution was excessive would derogate their victim, but only when they did not anticipate an opportunity to compensate her. After retaliating against a peer who had harshly evaluated their essays, 40 female undergraduates were informed that either a serious or mild misfortune had recently been suffered by their partner, and were led to believe that at the outset of the experiment they had carelessly overlooked this “mitigating” information. Half the participants anticipated a later opportunity to do a favor for the other woman. Regardless of the severity of the mitigating information the women were more negative in their evaluation of the partner when they did not anticipate a subsequent opportunity to do the partner a favor. The results are discussed in terms of equity restoration in reactions to having aggressed. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
227.
228.
This is a study of a group of physicians' reflections about their communication with patients. Using an applied psychoanalytic framework for self-inquiry in groups, the authors summarize their findings and provide a model for others to use. They describe their method of conducting and studying three physician groups. The authors identify six essential dynamics within groups and illustrate the dynamics with examples of physician reflections. They summarize further their observations about the composition, dominant themes, and phases of development for each group. The intent of the self-inquiry groups—to clarify physicians' habits and thought patterns about patients—is upheld in the report's conclusion, in which the authors report participants' evaluation of their learning experience. Recommendations are made for analysts to apply the model in work with general physicians. 相似文献
229.
230.
Patricia M. Y. Liu MEd Wincy S. C. Chan MEd Y. W. Law MSW Steven C. K. Law PhD King‐Wa Fu PhD Hana S. H. Li PhD M. K. Tso PhD Associate Professor Annette L. Beautrais PhD Prof. Paul S. F. Yip PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2009,39(1):82-90
An integrative suicide prevention program was implemented to tackle an outbreak of visitor charcoal burning suicides in Cheung Chau, an island in Hong Kong, in 2002. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the program. The numbers of visitor suicides reduced from 37 deaths in the 51 months prior to program implementation to 6 deaths in the 42 months post‐implementation period. The number of visitor suicide pacts decreased from 7 pacts (15 individuals) to 1 pact (2 individuals). No statistically significant differences in the numbers of visitor suicide attempts and resident suicides were observed in the two time periods. No statistically significant changes in visitor suicides during the study period were observed on the comparison islands. The consistency and timing of reduction in visitor suicides correlated with the development and delivery of the integrative program on the intervention island, suggesting a causal association between program delivery and reduction of visitor suicides. The possibility of displacement seems small because there was no increase in visitor suicides on the comparison islands during the study period. This integrative approach in preventing target‐specific suicides may serve as an example for other communities to develop suicide prevention programs that make use of the existing local resources. 相似文献