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281.
The elder population continues to grow rapidly in many countries. Florida's elder population is growing faster than most states', with over one-quarter of the Florida population projected to be aged 65 and over by 2025. Involuntary examination (i.e. emergency commitment) under a state's civil commitment law is one means by which older adults experience assessment for acute mental health care. In Florida, the civil commitment law permits the involuntary examination of an individual for up to 72 hours to determine whether the person meets standards for involuntary treatment. From calendar year 2001 through 2005, there were 531,091 involuntary examinations in Florida for 301,886 people of all ages. Thirteen percent were 60 years and older at the time of their examination. The purpose of this paper is to describe the characteristics of older adults subject to involuntary examination and the nature of their examinations. While these data permit a number of inferences, there is an expansive area of research and policy analysis that remains untapped and would permit better understanding of how older adults experience such examinations. These research and policy issues will also be discussed. 相似文献
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283.
PD Dr. med. Dipl.-Psych. Klaus-Thomas Kronmüller Annette Stefini Annette Geiser-Elze Hildegard Horn Mechtild Hartmann Klaus Winkelmann 《Psychotherapeut》2009,54(1):44-51
Background
Even though it is a treatment standard of child psychotherapy to involve the parents, hardly any research has been carried out about the impact of family functioning on treatment outcome. Aims of the present study were to investigate the change in and the prognostic power of family functioning on treatment outcome of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in children and adolescents.Patients and methods
The sample consisted of 54 children and adolescents undergoing outpatient short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. To assess family functioning, their parents were asked to complete the Family Assessment Measure (FAM).Results
Patients from families with high levels of functioning in task accomplishment, communication and affective expression were more often treated successfully. Improvement in levels of functioning in role performance, emotionality and control were only found in the group of successfully treated patients.Conclusion
Family functioning is a decisive factor in the differential indication of psychotherapeutic treatment in children and adolescents. 相似文献284.
Scientific journals can promote ethical publication practices through policies on conflicts of interest. However, the prevalence
of conflict of interest policies and the definition of conflict of interest appear to vary across scientific disciplines.
This survey of high-impact, peer-reviewed journals in 12 different scientific disciplines was conducted to assess these variations.
The survey identified published conflict of interest policies in 28 of 84 journals (33%). However, when representatives of
49 of the 84 journals (58%) completed a Web-based survey about journal conflict of interest policies, 39 (80%) reported having
such a policy. Frequency of policies (including those not published) varied by discipline, from 100% among general medical
journals to none among physics journals. Financial interests were most frequently addressed with relation to authors; policies
for reviewers most often addressed non-financial conflicts. Twenty-two of the 39 journals with policies (56%) had policies
about editors’ conflicts. The highest impact journals in each category were most likely to have a published policy, and the
frequency of policies fell linearly with rank; for example, policies were published by 58% of journals ranked 1 in their category,
42% of journals ranked third, and 8% of journals ranked seventh (test for trend, p = 0.003). Having a conflict of interest policy was also associated with a self-reported history of problems with conflict
of interest. The prevalence of published conflict of interest policies was higher than that reported in a 1997 study, an increase
that might be attributable to heightened awareness of conflict of interest issues. However, many of the journals with policies
do not make them readily available and many of those policies that were available lacked clear definitions of conflict of
interest or details about how disclosures would be managed during peer review and publication. 相似文献
285.
Karmiloff-Smith A 《Developmental science》2007,10(1):84-88
It is becoming increasingly clear that little in development is predetermined or permanently fixed. Rather, gene expression is activity dependent, and epigenesis is probabilistic. So, the study of genetic disorders needs to change from the still widely held view that developmental disorders can be accounted for in terms of intact versus impaired modules, to one which takes serious account of the fact that the infant cortex passes from an initial state of high regional interconnectivity to a subsequent state of increasing specialization and localization of function. With such early interconnectivity in mind, developmental neuroscientists must consider the possibility that an early deficit in one part of the brain may have subtle effects on other parts of the developing brain, even when scores fall 'in the normal range'. In studying developmental disorders, it is thus crucial to examine not only domains of clear-cut deficit, but also domains of behavioural proficiency. Atypical epigenesis may often involve a lack of specialization and localization of brain function over developmental time, even in cases of behavioural proficiency. 相似文献
286.
Acute nicotine reinforcement, but not chronic tolerance, predicts withdrawal and relapse after quitting smoking. 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Kenneth A Perkins Michelle Broge Debra Gerlach Mark Sanders James E Grobe Christine Cherry Annette S Wilson 《Health psychology》2002,21(4):332-339
Little research has examined the association of tobacco dependence with nicotine tolerance or reinforcement in a clinical sample. Smokers preparing to quit smoking participated in laboratory sessions to assess nicotine tolerance on subjective, cardiovascular, and performance measures and to assess nicotine reinforcement using a choice procedure. Participants were then provided with individual counseling (but no medication), made a quit attempt, and were followed for 1 year to determine clinical outcome, as determined by postquit withdrawal and days to relapse. Nicotine tolerance was unrelated to either withdrawal or relapse. However, acute nicotine reinforcement was significantly related to both greater withdrawal and faster relapse. Results challenge the common assumption that nicotine tolerance is closely related to dependence but suggest that nicotine reinforcement may have theoretical and clinical significance for dependence. 相似文献
287.
288.
Annette Hilt 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2014,9(2):333-338
How do we read Levinas? What does it mean to us to read Levinas? Will Buckingham--novelist and lecturer at De Montfort University, Leicester--starts by telling us his own story of encountering Levinas. Having been awarded British Academy funding to undertake research in China for his novel A Book of Changes that explores the Chinese classic of Yijing (易经) as a "literature machine," Buckingham draws from a broad understanding of narratives and storytelling. 相似文献
289.
290.
A cross‐syndrome study of the differential effects of sleep on declarative memory consolidation in children with neurodevelopmental disorders 下载免费PDF全文
Anna Ashworth Catherine M. Hill Annette Karmiloff‐Smith Dagmara Dimitriou 《Developmental science》2017,20(2)
Sleep plays an active role in memory consolidation. Because children with Down syndrome (DS) and Williams syndrome (WS) experience significant problems with sleep and also with learning, we predicted that sleep‐dependent memory consolidation would be impaired in these children when compared to typically developing (TD) children. This is the first study to provide a cross‐syndrome comparison of sleep‐dependent learning in school‐aged children. Children with DS (n = 20) and WS (n = 22) and TD children (n = 33) were trained on the novel Animal Names task where they were taught pseudo‐words as the personal names of ten farm and domestic animals, e.g. Basco the cat, with the aid of animal picture flashcards. They were retested following counterbalanced retention intervals of wake and sleep. Overall, TD children remembered significantly more words than both the DS and WS groups. In addition, their performance improved following night‐time sleep, whereas performance over the wake retention interval remained stable, indicating an active role of sleep for memory consolidation. Task performance of children with DS did not significantly change following wake or sleep periods. However, children with DS who were initially trained in the morning continued to improve on the task at the following retests, so that performance on the final test was greater for children who had initially trained in the morning than those who trained in the evening. Children with WS improved on the task between training and the first retest, regardless of whether sleep or wake occurred during the retention interval. This suggests time‐dependent rather than sleep‐dependent learning in children with WS, or tiredness at the end of the first session and better performance once refreshed at the start of the second session, irrespective of the time of day. Contrary to expectations, sleep‐dependent learning was not related to baseline level of performance. The findings have significant implications for educational strategies, and suggest that children with DS should be taught more important or difficult information in the morning when they are better able to learn, whilst children with WS should be allowed a time delay between learning phases to allow for time‐dependent memory consolidation, and frequent breaks from learning so that they are refreshed and able to perform at their best. 相似文献