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261.
Manuel C. Voelkle Annette Brose Florian Schmiedek Ulman Lindenberger 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(3):193-213
The vast majority of empirical research in the behavioral sciences is based on the analysis of between-person variation. In contrast, much of applied psychology is concerned with the analysis of variation within individuals. Furthermore, the mechanisms specified by psychological theories generally operate within, rather than across, individuals. This disconnect between research practice, applied demands, and psychological theories constitutes a major threat to the conceptual integrity of the field. Following groundbreaking earlier work, we propose a conceptual framework that distinguishes within-person (WP) and between-person (BP) sources of variation in psychological constructs. By simultaneously considering both sources of variation, it is shown how to identify possible reasons for nonequivalence of BP and WP structures as well as establishing areas of convergence. For this purpose, we first introduce the concept of conditional equivalence as a way to study partial structural equivalence of BP and WP structures in the presence of unconditional nonequivalence. Second, we demonstrate the construction of likelihood planes to explore the causes of structural nonequivalence. Third, we examine 4 common causes for unconditional nonequivalence—autoregression, subgroup differences, linear trends, and cyclic trends—and demonstrate how to account for them. Fourth, we provide an empirical example on BP and WP differences in attentiveness. 相似文献
262.
In their excitement at using the human genome project to uncover the functions of specific genes, researchers have often ignored
one fundamental factor: the gradual process of ontogenetic development. The view that there might be a gene for spatial cognition
or language has emanated from a focus on the structure of the adult brain in neuropsychological patients whose brains were
fully and normally developed until their brain insult. The developing brain is very different. It starts out highly interconnected across regions and is neither localized nor specialized at birth,
allowing interaction with the environment to play an important role in gene expression and the ultimate cognitive phenotype.
This article takes a neuro constructivist perspective, arguing that domain-specific end states can stem from more domain-general
start states, that associations may turn out to be as informative as dissociations, and that genetic mutations that alter
the trajectory of ontogenetic development can inform nature/nurture debates. 相似文献
263.
Part-list cuing--the detrimental effect of the presentation of a subset of learned items on recall of the remaining items--was examined in amnesic patients and healthy control subjects. Subjects studied two types of categorized item lists: lists in which each category consisted of strong and moderate items and lists in which each category consisted of weak and moderate items. The subjects recalled a category's strong and weak items in either the presence of or absence of the moderate items serving as retrieval cues. In healthy subjects, part-list cuing impaired recall of the strong items but not of the weak items; in amnesics, part-list cuing impaired recall of both types of items. Part-list cuing is often attributed to a change in the retrieval process from a more effective one when cues are absent to a less effective one when they are present. On the basis of this view, our results indicate that part-list cuing causes a stronger retrieval inefficiency in amnesic patients than in healthy people. 相似文献
264.
Tarakeshwar N Pargament KI Mahoney A 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2003,9(4):316-332
The authors examined religious practices of Hindus in the United States and developed measures of their religious pathways. Based on reviews of the psychology of religion, Hindu literature, and interviews with Hindus (N=15), 4 religious pathways were identified: devotion, ethical action, knowledge, and physical restraint/yoga. Items reflecting these pathways were generated and administered to a pilot sample (N=42) and then mailed to a sample across the United States (N=182). Consistent with Hindu theology, participants endorsed 4 religious pathways. Results indicated that the measures of the religious pathways possessed adequate psychometric properties and were predictive of mental and physical well-being. Additional findings emphasized the need to attend to age, marital status, and acculturation when studying religious practices among Hindus. 相似文献
265.
James?D.?Churchill Pei-Chun?Fang Steven?E.?Voss Joyce?Besheer Annette?L.?Herron Preston?E.?GarraghtyEmail author 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2003,38(2):91-103
In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of several commonly employed antiepileptic drugs on the performance
of adult rats in a Morris water maze task. We found that phenytoin treatment produced the most deleterious performance impairments
across all days of training, and that these performance deficits are not likely due to any general sensorimotor impairments.
Carbamazepine had milder, but detectable negative effects, as carbamazepine-treated animals exhibited initial acquisition
deficits, but rapidly achieved escape levels comparable to controls. In marked contrast, valproate and ethosuximide had no
detectable effects on learning in the water maze. These results parallel previous findings in rats treated with these compounds
and tested in an instrumental learning task, and are in general agreement with the human clinical literature. To the extent
that one might wish to minimize learning deficits associated with maintenance on antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin is definitely
not the treatment of choice, while valproate or ethosuximide are apparently much less disruptive. 相似文献
266.
Native speakers of American English and of German listened to a passage several minutes in duration in each language and reported occurrence and duration of pauses. Subjects overestimated occurrence (false positives) and understimated duration. Overall analyses of variance indicated that Germans reported a higher percentage of pauses than Americans; that a higher percentage of pauses was reported in native than in nonnative passages; that Americans reported a higher percentage of pauses in English passages, whereas Germans' percentages were the same in both languages; that American women reported more false positives than American men, whereas German men reported more than German women; and that Americans and Germans both reported more false positives in English than in German. Detailed analyses of the individual passages yielded reliable differences between Germans and Americans in their reports of pauses in three duration brackets: .3;,<1.0;1.0 sec. Pause reports of this kind diverge from objectively measured pause data as a function of a number of independent variables and are therefore not to be trusted as objective estimates of either pause occurrence or pause duration. 相似文献
267.
In this study male and female subjects were given six vignettes depicting heterosexual interactions between acquaintances. The vignettes described sexual advances representing different points along a coerciveness continuum. The gender of the aggressor and the victim were varied. The subjects were then asked to indicate their perception of the degree of coerciveness involved. In addition, they were asked to attribute both positive and negative feelings to the victim. The results indicated that male subjects perceived these sexual advances as slightly more coercive when the victim was a female, whereas females perceived the advances as slightly more coercive when the victim was a male. Also, there was a tendency to view the low-coercion activities as more coercive when the males were the victim, whereas the opposite was true for the vignettes rated high on coercion, especially the one describing physical coercion. The attributions of positive and negative feelings tended to parallel the coerciveness ratings. Typically, the more coercive activity was seen as, the less positive feelings and more negative feelings the subjects attributed to the victim. The results were discussed in terms of stereotypical beliefs regarding the sexuality of males and females and attribution theory. 相似文献
268.
Semantics and pragmatics of locative expressions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Annette Herskovits 《Cognitive Science》1985,9(3):341-378
269.
Exploring a Predictive Model 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The purposes of this study were (a) to explore the utility of a model for predicting reporting of sexual harassment and (b) to collect data on the incidence of sexual harassment using the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ; Fitzgerald et al., 1988). The sample included 214 tenuretrack faculty women and 276 women graduate students. The full model postulated that age, marital status, feminist ideology, and frequency of behavior would be directly related to perceived offensiveness at the behavior. In turn, perceived offensiveness, normative expectations for reporting, and perceived outcomes of reporting would directly influence reporting. As predicted, perceived offensiveness showed a direct influence on reporting, and feminist ideology and frequency of behavior were significant predictors of perceived offensiveness. Incidence data showed that the most frequently experienced situations involved gender harassment and seductive behaviors. Results suggest that educating women about the offensiveness of sexual harassment might increase frequency of reporting. Also, further exploration of the model seems warranted. 相似文献
270.
Robert P. Rugel Douglas Cheatam Annette Mitchell 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1978,6(3):325-337
Four experiments were conducted to test various aspects of an optimal level of arousal model of hyperactivity in learning-disabled children. Vigilance performance and level of body movement were measured while learning-disabled and control children performed in an auditory vigilance task. The results suggested that body movement increased throughout the vigilance task, increased rates of external stimulation result in decreased level of body movement, and learningdisabled children differed from controls in showing higher levels of body movement and poorer vigilance performance. The results were discussed in terms of changes in arousal level and compensatory stimulus-seeking behavior. 相似文献