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901.
Anne Castles Max Coltheart Jodie Valpied 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,104(1):68-88
Knowledge of letter-sound correspondences underpins successful reading acquisition, and yet little is known about how young children acquire this knowledge and what prior information they bring to the learning process. In this study, we used an experimental training design to examine whether either prior letter awareness or prior phonemic awareness directly assists preliterate children in subsequently learning letter-sound correspondences. Here 76 preschoolers received 6 weeks of training in either letter awareness, phonemic awareness, or control tasks and then received a further 6 weeks of training in either letter-sound correspondences or control tasks. There was limited evidence that prior training in either phoneme or letter awareness directly assisted learning of letter-sound correspondences, although phonemically trained children appeared to show some advantage on recognition tasks. Overall, the data suggest that there is little value in training preschoolers in either letter forms or sounds in isolation in advance of providing instruction on the links between the two. 相似文献
902.
Anne E. Brodsky 《American journal of community psychology》2009,44(3-4):176-187
The study of positive outcomes associated with strong psychological sense of community (PSOC) has grown worldwide. Yet most research explores PSOC as a uni-dimensional (positive) variable operating in a single referent community. Theoretical and empirical literature has suggested, however, that PSOC can be positive, neutral or negative (Brodsky in J Commun Psychol 24(4):347–363, 1996; Brodsky et al. in Psychological sense of community: Research, applications and implications. Kluwer, New York 2002) and since people live in multiple physical and relational communities, there may be multiple PSOCs (M-PSOC) operating simultaneously and interactively (Brodsky and Marx in J Commun Psychol 29(2):1–18, 2001). This paper explores the operation of M-PSOC in the lives of Afghan women, and male supporters, who belonged to a resistance organization before, during and after the Taliban regime. Decisions to join and stay in this community can be explained, in part, through the differentiation of positive, organizational-level PSOC from negative, macro-community-level PSOC. In addition, M-PSOC suggests unique cultural meanings of the terms “community” and “choice.” Findings have implications for cross-cultural community work and for fostering resilient sub-communities in the face of macro and societal-level risks and oppression. 相似文献
903.
Marjolein Luman Steffen J. P. van Noesel Alky Papanikolau Janneke Van Oostenbruggen-Scheffer Diane Veugelers Joseph A. Sergeant Jaap Oosterlaan 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1123-1135
This study compared children with ADHD-only, ADHD+ODD and normal controls (age 8–12) on three key neurocognitive functions:
response inhibition, reinforcement sensitivity, and temporal information processing. The goal was twofold: (a) to investigate
neurocognitive impairments in children with ADHD-only and children with ADHD+ODD, and (b) to test whether ADHD+ODD is a more
severe from of ADHD in terms of neurocognitive performance. In Experiment 1, inhibition abilities were measured using the
Stop Task. In Experiment 2, reinforcement sensitivity and temporal information processing abilities were measured using a
Timing Task with both a reward and penalty condition. Compared to controls, children with ADHD-only demonstrated impaired
inhibitory control, showed more time underestimations, and showed performance deterioration in the face of reward and penalty.
Children with ADHD+ODD performed in-between children with ADHD-only and controls in terms of inhibitory controls and the tendency
to underestimate time, but were more impaired than controls and children with ADHD-only in terms of timing variability. In
the face of reward and penalty children with ADHD+ODD improved their performance compared to a neutral condition, in contrast
to children with ADHD-only. In the face of reward, the performance improvement in the ADHD+ODD group was disproportionally
larger than that of controls. Taken together the findings suggest that, in terms of neurocognitive functioning, comorbid ADHD+ODD
is a substantial different entity than ADHD-only. 相似文献
904.
Sarah S. W. De Pauw Ivan Mervielde Karla G. Van Leeuwen 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(3):309-325
The lack of empirical research relating temperament models and personality hinders conceptual integration and holds back research
linking childhood traits to problem behavior or maladjustment. This study evaluates, within a sample of 443 preschoolers,
the relationships between children’s maladaptation and traits measured by three temperament models (Thomas and Chess, Buss
and Plomin, and Rothbart), and a Five-Factor based personality model. Adequate reliabilities and expected factor structures
are demonstrated for most scales. A joint principal component analysis combining 28 temperament and 18 personality scales
indicates a six-factor model, distinguishing Sociability, Activity, Conscientiousness, Disagreeableness, Emotionality, and
Sensitivity. Regression analyses reveal that although single temperament and personality scales explain from 23% to 37% of
problem behavior variance, the six components explain from 41% to 49% and provide a clearer differentiation among CBCL-problem
scales. This age-specific taxonomy refines and corroborates conclusions based on narrative reviews and furnishes a more balanced
view of trait–maladjustment relationships.
相似文献
Sarah S. W. De PauwEmail: |
905.
Kara Anne Withrow Kelly A. Tracy Sarah K. Burton Virginia W. Norris Hermine H. Maes Kathleen S. Arnos Arti Pandya 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):618-621
Hearing loss is a common sensory deficit and more than 50% of affected individuals have a genetic etiology. The discovery
of 40 genes and more than 100 loci involved in hearing loss has made genetic testing for some of these genes widely available.
Genetic services for deafness are also being sought more often due to the early identification of hearing loss through newborn
screening services. The motivations for pursuing genetic testing, and how genetic services are provided to the client may
differ among individuals. Additionally, information obtained through genetic testing can be perceived and used in different
ways by parents of deaf children and deaf adults. This study aimed to follow up on focus group studies published earlier with
a quantitative survey instrument and assess the preference of consumers for provision of genetic services. We conducted a
national survey of hearing and deaf parents of children with hearing loss and of deaf adults. Data was compared and analyzed
by hearing status of the participant, their community affiliation and the genetic testing status using nominal logistic regression.
Consistent with our focus group results, the survey participants thought that a genetic counselor/geneticist would be the
most appropriate professional to provide genetics services. Statistically significant differences were noted in the preferred
choice of provider based on the genetic testing status. Parents preferred that genetic evaluation, including testing, occur
either immediately at or a few months after the audiologic diagnosis of hearing loss. This data should help providers in clinical
genetics keep patient preferences at the helm and provide culturally competent services. 相似文献
906.
This study examined the relations between maternal parenting styles (including warmth, behavioral control, and psychological
control) and young adults’ emotion regulation. Participants included 246 young adults from a large Midwestern university,
as well as their mothers. Higher levels of maternal control, particularly psychological control, were related to lower levels
of young adults’ emotion regulation. This study is among the first to explore the above relations within the context of young
adulthood. Limitations and clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
907.
Sleep deprivation adversely affects the ability to perform cognitive tasks, but theories range from predicting an overall
decline in cognitive functioning (because of reduced stability in attentional networks) to claiming specific deficits in executive
functions. In the present study, we measured the effects of sleep deprivation on a two-choice numerosity discrimination task.
A diffusion model was used to decompose accuracy and response time distributions in order to produce estimates of distinct
components of cognitive processing. The model assumes that, over time, noisy evidence from the task stimulus is accumulated
to one of two decision criteria and that parameters governing this process can be extracted and interpreted in terms of distinct
cognitive processes. The results showed that sleep deprivation affects multiple components of cognitive processing, ranging
from stimulus processing to peripheral nondecision processes. Thus, sleep deprivation appears to have wide-ranging effects:
Reduced attentional arousal and impaired central processing combine to produce an overall decline in cognitive functioning. 相似文献
908.
James P. Hambrick Sandra Pimentel Anne Marie Albano 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2009,16(2):191-204
Although formal ethics classes provide a basic foundation in managing ethical dilemmas, professionals often point to their experiences on internship as an important training ground for consolidation of their ethical development. Clinical interns face many personal and professional transitions that can lead to a number of ethical dilemmas. Effective collaboration between administrative staff, supervisors, and interns can create a pragmatic model for negotiating these dilemmas. In this paper, issues related to balancing intern competency with training and patient/client needs, managing dual relationships with supervisory staff, and dealing with differences in orientation are addressed from the perspective of both the site and the intern. We also discuss ways in which problems can arise and how both sides can work together systematically to negotiate those problems. To illustrate this process, we discuss cases involving effective collaboration between interns and sites. Finally, the authors assert the need for formal, empirically supported training in classic ethical issues, but also in contemporary ethical issues arising from the ever-evolving field of mental health service delivery and unique challenges accompanying these advances. 相似文献
909.
Katrin Skoruppa Ferran Pons Anne Christophe Laura Bosch Emmanuel Dupoux Núria Sebastián‐Gallés Rita Alves Limissuri Sharon Peperkamp 《Developmental science》2009,12(6):914-919
During the first year of life, infants begin to have difficulties perceiving non‐native vowel and consonant contrasts, thus adapting their perception to the phonetic categories of the target language. In this paper, we examine the perception of a non‐segmental feature, i.e. stress. Previous research with adults has shown that speakers of French (a language with fixed stress) have great difficulties in perceiving stress contrasts ( Dupoux, Pallier, Sebastián & Mehler, 1997 ), whereas speakers of Spanish (a language with lexically contrastive stress) perceive these contrasts as accurately as segmental contrasts. We show that language‐specific differences in the perception of stress likewise arise during the first year of life. Specifically, 9‐month‐old Spanish infants successfully distinguish between stress‐initial and stress‐final pseudo‐words, while French infants of this age show no sign of discrimination. In a second experiment using multiple tokens of a single pseudo‐word, French infants of the same age successfully discriminate between the two stress patterns, showing that they are able to perceive the acoustic correlates of stress. Their failure to discriminate stress patterns in the first experiment thus reflects an inability to process stress at an abstract, phonological level. 相似文献
910.
Joceline Rogé Sarah Otmani Anne Bonnefond Thierry Pébayle Alain Muzet 《Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour》2009,12(2):143-154
The objectives of this study are to analyze the effect of a short nap on the level of alertness and on the drivers’ ability to detect the motorcyclists on the road according to the size of his/her useful visual field (UVF).Nineteen participants (m = 21 years old) carried out a driving task with a simulator, after taking a short nap (30 min) in the vehicle or not. They had to distinguish the colour change of a signal on a vehicle they were following and to detect a motorcycle which briefly appeared on the road at different eccentricities.Drivers with a limited UVF are those who detect the fewest motorcycles. Taking a short nap before the driving does not have any significant effect on data related to vision (motorcycles and signals detected), driving and alertness state ((α+θ)/β). There is a linear relationship between the size of the UVF and the ability to detect the motorcycle appearing in the left outside mirror.The implications of the results concerning the short nap as a countermeasure to a decrease in alertness and the perception of motorcycles according to extent of the useful visual field of the driver are discussed in terms of road safety. 相似文献