儿童收养研究中的心理学问题

国外关于儿童收养的心理学研究主要集中在收养儿童的心理适应、认知发展及人格发展等方面, 研究呈现了不同收养年龄、不同收养前经历、不同收养背景下的儿童不同的发展态势, 并做了原因探析和干预机制的探索。但国外该领域的心理学研究仍存在样本区分不明确、对原因的探讨相对薄弱等问题。国内儿童收养的心理学研究应更关注未经历剥夺环境的大龄儿童, 从亲属与非亲属收养、保密型与开放型收养的利弊对比等方面有针对性的开展本土化研究。     

比喻性语言加工的脑机制

早期观点认为比喻性语言加工主要依赖右脑, 随着研究的深入, 右脑假说受到许多研究结果的挑战, 左脑参与比喻性语言的加工。同时, 左右脑语言区发挥各自不同的作用, 新的研究证实, 前额前部皮层同样参与比喻性语言的加工。比喻性语言的理解需要左右半球及前额皮层的共同激活, 同时对其加工还依赖左右半球的联合作用, 比喻性语言理解神经网络的建立需要新证据。     

Career exploration in adolescents: The role of anxiety, attachment, and parenting style

The aim of the study was to examine the role of parent-adolescent attachment, adolescent anxiety and parenting style in the career exploration process and in career satisfaction. Three kinds of anxiety were considered: general trait anxiety, fear of failing in one’s career and fear of disappointing one’s parents. The participants were 283 French high school students on the threshold of one of the most important school transitions. The results varied by gender. For girls, general anxiety and neglectful style were negatively related to career exploration; secure attachment and fear of failing were positively related to it. For boys, fear of disappointing parents was positively related to career exploration. Attachment to parents, authoritative style, general anxiety, and fear of failing were related to some career exploration satisfaction scores, though differently for boys and girls. The differences between boys and girls in the roles played by anxiety, attachment and parenting style are discussed.     

音乐节奏和共餐人数对就餐时间的影响

本实验采用现场实验研究的方法,对不同音乐节奏和共餐人数条件下大学生就餐时间的差异进行了分析。结果表明:(1)总的来说,音乐节奏对就餐时间的主效应是显著的,快节奏音乐下的就餐时间少于慢节奏下的就餐时间;(2)单人组被试就餐时间显著快于多人组被试共餐时间;(3)音乐节奏和共餐人数对就餐时间存在交互作用;(4)在单人就餐时音乐节奏对就餐时间的效应是显著的,而多人共餐则没有这种效应或效应不显著。     

Ready,Set, Go: The Transtheoretical Model of Change and Motivational Interviewing for “Fringe” Clients

The author explores the applicability of the Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM) and motivational interviewing (MI) as a collaborative approach in counseling “resistant” or ambivalent clients. The TTM and MI provide an empirically tested framework for employment counselors to assess and empower clients who are often labeled resistant or ambivalent (e.g., youth, mandated clients, street workers, single parents) about readiness for change. Together, the TTM and MI focus counselors to accept clients' current levels of readiness and intrinsic motivation, thereby supporting clients in the effort to reduce their ambivalence. Examples are given of how the TTM and MI may be practiced.     

Family therapy and systemic practice with older people: where are we now?

Older people are becoming an increasingly significant group as demographic and cultural change impacts on their roles within the family and society. In this article we consider how family therapy and systemic practice with older people has developed over the past ten years from the early foundations identified by Richardson et al . in 1994. Although older people face particular challenges, themes such as social constructionism, attachment and narrative, familiar to therapists working with people earlier in the life cycle, have also been influential in work in this field. These developments have resulted in increasing recognition of the relevance of systemic practice in older people's services, but significant challenges remain.     

Profiling Derald Wing Sue: Blazing the Trail for the Multicultural Journey and Social Justice in Counseling

This article reviews contributions of Derald Wing Sue to the counseling profession through his scholarship, teaching, leadership, and innovation in articulating multicultural issues in counseling. The article profiles Sue's multicultural journey by blending summaries from his writings, comments from professional colleagues, and information from a personal interview. The profile provides a snapshot of Sue's pioneering contributions to building the multicultural counseling movement while giving an overview of personal and professional benchmarks within his career.     

公共卫生的责任主体缺位是众多医学伦理问题产生的根源

我国的卫生、医疗服务系统近年来产生了大量严重的伦理问题,引起了国内外广泛的关注。通过对大量材料的归类、分析,找出我国众多严重伦理问题产生的主要根源是公共卫生责任主体的缺位。解决的主要措施是:加快卫生母法的建立;政府对“公共性”卫生服务责任到位,扭转卫生工作严重的市场化和趋利化倾向;彻底改变医疗费用的“后付制”和“第三方付费制”,实行政府正向投入;改变当前在疾病预防和初级卫生保健投入方面过于细化的分级财政体制;制止药品广告和虚假的医疗广告;加大控制政府公立医院建设的成本和降低医院运行费用的工作,严格收费价格纪律等。     

乳腺癌术式的演变及其最佳选择

乳腺癌作为女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,一直是肿瘤学界研究的热点和焦点。手术作为其基本的治疗手段,术式几经改变。通过对乳腺癌术式演变的历史回顾,认为正是由于对乳腺癌生物学行为研究的不断深入,使得乳腺癌手术切除范围更趋于规范和科学。而由生物医学模式向生物—心理—社会医学模式的转变,以及循证医学(EBM)研究的开展,更促进了乳腺癌术式的不断改进,以最大程度减少并发症,获得更为满意的疗效。