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151.
Henriette Bergstrøm David P. Farrington 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2018,40(2):149-158
There has been much debate about how to measure psychopathic traits in adolescence. One of the main issues is whether one should focus on callous-unemotional (CU) traits alone, or CU traits in combination with Grandiose-Manipulative (GM) and Daring-Impulsive (DI) traits. The current study first investigates the extent to which youth who are high on CU traits are also high on GM and DI traits. In addition, the study investigates if being high on both CU and GM, and high on both CU and DI, identify groups that are particularly characterized by past and future impairments. To investigate this, data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (CSDD) was analyzed. The CSDD is a prospective longitudinal study of 411 English boys spanning over 50 years. The information available at age 12–14 was coded on the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD). Childhood risk factors were measured at age 8–10 and later life outcomes were measured at age 32. The results indicate that being high on CU in combination with DI delineates a clinically interesting group who are characterized by high childhood risk and poorer adult life outcomes. The same applied to the high CU/high GM group, but to a lesser extent. 相似文献
152.
Ørstavik RE Kendler KS Røysamb E Czajkowski N Tambs K Reichborn-Kjennerud T 《Journal of personality disorders》2012,26(3):435-451
One of the main controversies with regard to depressive personality disorder (DPD) concerns the co-occurrence with the established DSM-IV personality disorders (PDs). The main aim of this study was to examine to what extent DPD and the DSM-IV PDs share genetic and environmental risk factors, using multivariate twin modeling. The DSM-IV Structured Interview for Personality was applied to 2,794 young adult twins. Paranoid PD from Cluster A, borderline PD from Cluster B, and all three PDs from Cluster C were independently and significantly associated with DPD in multiple regression analysis. The genetic correlations between DPD and the other PDs were strong (.53-.83), while the environmental correlations were moderate (.36-.40). Close to 50% of the total variance in DPD was disorder specific. However, only 5% was due to disorder-specific genetic factors, indicating that a substantial part of the genetic vulnerability to DPD also increases the vulnerability to other PDs. 相似文献
153.
Cort W. Rudolph Boris B. Baltes Ludmila S. Zhdanova Malissa A. Clark Anne C. Bal 《Journal of business and psychology》2012,27(2):205-222
Purpose
This article investigates the efficacy of the Structured Free Recall Intervention (SFRI; J Bus Psychol 15:229?C246, 2000a; Organ Behav Hum Decis Process 82:237?C267, 2000b ) for reducing the impact of bodyweight-based stereotype endorsement on performance ratings, both immediately and when a time delay occurs between the observation and rating of performance.Design/Methodology/Approach
512 undergraduates participated in a 2?×?2?×?2 between-subjects factorial experiment. A measure of bodyweight-based stereotype endorsement was pre-screened, and participants were randomly assigned to (a) either a no-delay or two-day time delay condition, (b) view either an average bodyweight or overweight ratee, and (c) undergo the SFRI or not.Findings
Results suggest that (a) bodyweight-based stereotype endorsement predicts performance ratings for overweight ratees, (b) the SFRI is effective at reducing the impact of such stereotypes on performance ratings when conducted immediately after the observation of performance, and (c) the SFRI maintains this efficacy after a two-day delay between the observation and rating of performance.Implications
These findings suggest that the best real-world application of the SFRI paradigm may be to situations with minimal delays between the observation and rating of performance, such as selection assessment centers or pre-employment interviews.Originality/Value
Drawing on theories from the cognitive information processing literature, this paper extends previous research regarding the efficacy of the SFRI by demonstrating that short time delays between performance observation and rating??a common organizational phenomena??have minimal observed effects on the efficacy of the SFRI as a performance rating intervention. 相似文献154.
Psychotherapeutic interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) primarily aim at the three core symptom clusters of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, which are characteristic for this mental disorder. However, social and emotional difficulties are also very obvious. The ADHD patients experience conflicts with parents and partners, rejection by peers and less friendships, which negatively affects everyday life. Neuroscientific research points to a deficit in ADHD to recognize specific emotions displayed by another person. This dysfunction can be found in children as well as in adults afflicted with this disorder and is especially pronounced for anger. Additionally, the patients have problems to utilize facial anger expressions of others to regulate or inhibit their own behavior. New therapy components are needed in order to reduce this deficit. The possibilities for improving psychotherapy for ADHD by means of neuroscientific methods are discussed. 相似文献
155.
Sandström A Säll R Peterson J Salami A Larsson A Olsson T Nyberg L 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2012,15(5):503-513
Deficits in executive functioning and working memory associated with frontal lobe dysfunction are prominent in depression and work-related long-term sick leave (LTSL). This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate potential differences in brain activation patterns in these conditions. In addition, the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis was examined and compared between groups. Since there is a clear overrepresentation of women in these diagnostic groups, and to ensure a more homogenous sample population, only women were included. To examine the neural correlates of relevant cognitive processes in patients on sick leave >90 days due to work-related LTSL, recently diagnosed patients with major depression Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV criteria, untreated), and healthy controls (n?=?10, each group), a 2-back working memory task and a visual long-term memory task were administered during fMRI scanning. HPA axis functioning was investigated using a diurnal curve of saliva cortisol and a dexamethasone suppression test. Task performance was comparable among the three groups. Multivariate image analysis revealed that both memory tasks engaged a similar brain network in all three groups, including the prefrontal and parietal cortex. During the 2-back task, LTSL patients had significant frontal hypoactivation compared to controls and patients with depression. Saliva cortisol measurements showed a flattening of the diurnal rythmicity in LTSL patients compared to patients with depression and healthy contols. Taken together, these findings indicate that work stress-related LTSL and major depression are dissociable in terms of frontal activation and diurnal cortisol rhythmicity. 相似文献
156.
Inattentional Blindness (IB) occurs when observers engaged in resource-consuming tasks fail to see unexpected stimuli that appear in their visual field. Eye movements were recorded in a dynamic IB task where participants tracked targets amongst distractors. During the task, an unexpected stimulus crossed the screen for several seconds. Individuals who failed to report the unexpected stimulus were deemed to be IB. Being IB was associated with making more fixations and longer gaze times on distractor stimuli, being less likely to fixate the unexpected stimulus, and having lower working memory capacity than those who were not IB. Noticing the unexpected stimulus was not contingent upon fixating it, suggesting that some individuals processed the unexpected stimulus via covert attention. The findings support earlier research on working memory and IB. In addition, IBs were less efficient attentional allocators than those who were not IB, as reflected in their eye tracking of irrelevant distractors. 相似文献
157.
158.
Schwartz LA Kazak AE Derosa BW Hocking MC Hobbie WL Ginsberg JP 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2012,19(2):138-146
In addition to the potential for ongoing health concerns, adolescent and young adult (AYA) childhood cancer survivors frequently
report posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The current study examines whether beliefs about health moderate the relationship
between the number of health problems and PTSS 2 months later in 140 survivors. Beliefs, as measured by scales of the Health
Competence Beliefs Inventory (HCBI), negatively related to PTSS while health problems positively related to PTSS. Three scales
of the HCBI-health perceptions, satisfaction with healthcare and cognitive competence—were significant moderators. The relationship
between health problems and PTSS was stronger in the presence of less adaptive beliefs. These beliefs represent potentially
malleable intervention targets for reducing PTSS in childhood cancer survivors. 相似文献
159.
160.
Anne‐Lise Goddings Stephanie Burnett Heyes Geoffrey Bird Russell M. Viner Sarah‐Jayne Blakemore 《Developmental science》2012,15(6):801-811
The social brain undergoes developmental change during adolescence, and pubertal hormones are hypothesized to contribute to this development. We used fMRI to explore how pubertal indicators (salivary concentrations of testosterone, oestradiol and DHEA; pubertal stage; menarcheal status) relate to brain activity during a social emotion task. Forty‐two females aged 11.1 to 13.7 years underwent fMRI scanning while reading scenarios pertaining either to social emotions, which require the representation of another person’s mental states, or to basic emotions, which do not. Pubertal stage and menarcheal status were used to assign girls to early or late puberty groups. Across the entire sample, the contrast between social versus basic emotion resulted in activity within the social brain network, including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), the posterior superior temporal sulcus, and the anterior temporal cortex (ATC) in both hemispheres. Increased hormone levels (independent of age) were associated with higher left ATC activity during social emotion processing. More advanced age (independent of hormone levels) was associated with lower DMPFC activity during social emotion processing. Our results suggest functionally dissociable effects of pubertal hormones and age on the adolescent social brain. 相似文献