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841.
A Bilikiewicz K Matkowski K Przybysz M Dabkowski B Ksiazkiewicz J Raczkiewicz-Cywińska M Jakubowska 《Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie》1988,40(1):9-15
In the years 1976-1980, the province of Bydgoszcz had a total of 2635 registered epileptics, or 0.37% of the entire population, over the age of 16. From these, 200 patients were randomly selected, and between 1983 and 1985 a complats clinical follow-up investigation was carried out. Among the most frequent mental disorders found were postparoxysmal twilight state (19.5%) and affective psychoses (11%), among the chronic disorders, dementia of varying intensity (26.5%). In contrast with previous investigations the present investigation made it possible to determine with precision the cause of epileptic attacks. The ratio was 61% to 31%. 相似文献
842.
843.
Ted L. Rosenthal Kathleen S. Linehan John E. Kelley Renate H. Rosenthal Dale E. Theobald Anna F. Davis 《Behaviour research and therapy》1978,16(6):421-427
Sixty college students completed waiting control or alternative group aversion conditions, matched for severity and chronicity of nail-biting. Treatments spanned four sessions. Imaginai aversion (covert sensitization) clients visualized shocks to themselves. Vicarious aversion clients observed shocks to a trained model. A ‘hotseat’ format randomized a few actual shocks to each client with observing peers shocked on remaining trials. The predominant pattern of outcome and subjective impact results was as follows: Hotseat consistently best; vicarious typically second; imaginal usually third; controls worst. Clinical and conceptual issues are raised. 相似文献
844.
Quiroz-Padilla MF Guillazo-Blanch G Vale-Martínez A Martí-Nicolovius M 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2006,86(3):256-263
The parafascicular (PF) nucleus, a posterior component of the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, is considered to be an essential structure in the feedback circuits of basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical systems that critically participate in cognitive processes. To study the PF contribution to processing of behaviorally significant information during specific episodes of learning, we investigated the effects of damaging the PF nucleus in the acquisition of a natural form of social olfactory learning, the socially transmitted food preference (STFP) task. This task is a non-spatial paradigm that exhibits some of the characteristics of relational memory because it requires that animals use information obtained in one episode to guide later behavior in different circumstances. Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to pretraining bilateral N-methyl-D-aspartate (0.15 M, pH 7.4) lesions of the PF (0.4 microl/side, 0.2 microl/min). The behavioral effects of PF lesions were compared to vehicle- and sham-operated control groups and two retention delays were considered in separate groups: immediately (Lesion-I, Vehicle-I, and Sham-I groups) and 24h after training (Lesion-24, Vehicle-24, and Sham-24 groups). PF lesions produced delay-independent impairments in the STFP suggesting that this nucleus might modulate the acquisition of this odor-odor association task. Results are discussed in the context of medial prefrontal cortex deafferentation induced by PF damage. 相似文献
845.
Lyon P 《Cognitive processing》2006,7(1):11-29
After half a century of cognitive revolution we remain far from agreement about what cognition is and what cognition does.
It was once thought that these questions could wait until the data were in. Today there is a mountain of data, but no way
of making sense of it. The time for tackling the fundamental issues has arrived. The biogenic approach to cognition is introduced
not as a solution but as a means of approaching the issues. The traditional, and still predominant, methodological stance
in cognitive inquiry is what I call the anthropogenic approach: assume human cognition as the paradigm and work ‘down’ to
a more general explanatory concept. The biogenic approach, on the other hand, starts with the facts of biology as the basis
for theorizing and works ‘up’ to the human case by asking psychological questions as if they were biological questions. Biogenic
explanations of cognition are currently clustered around two main frameworks for understanding biology: self-organizing complex
systems and autopoiesis. The paper describes the frameworks and infers from them ten empirical principles—the biogenic ‘family
traits’—that constitute constraints on biogenic theorizing. Because the anthropogenic approach to cognition is not constrained
empirically to the same degree, I argue that the biogenic approach is superior for approaching a general theory of cognition
as a natural phenomenon.
相似文献
Pamela LyonEmail: |
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848.
Informant reports of psychiatric patient behavior are collected routinely during intake interviews and to monitor therapeutic interventions. We investigated agreement between informant and adult psychiatric patient reports of patient behaviors (N=110). Behaviors were about substance use, physical and mental health, employment, illegal behavior, and recreational and social activities. Informant agreement with patients regarding whether or not a particular behavior occurred recently and also behavior frequency ratings were moderate overall (M r=.47 for frequency) and highly variable (rs=-.09 to .80). No informant, patient, or relationship characteristics were found consistently to moderate agreement. Thus, informants can report very accurately about the presence and frequency of some, but not all, patient behaviors. Low patient-informant agreement may be due to informants having relatively less detailed knowledge of patient behavior over time or patients not reporting accurately about certain behaviors. 相似文献
849.
Sinclair S Lowery BS Hardin CD Colangelo A 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2005,89(4):583-592
Consistent with the affiliative social tuning hypothesis, this study showed that the desire to get along with another person shifted participants' automatic attitudes toward the ostensible attitudes of that person. In Experiment 1, the automatic racial attitudes of women but not men emulated those of an experimenter displaying race-egalitarian attitudes or attitudes neutral with respect to race. Mediational analysis revealed that the gender difference in social tuning was mediated by liking for the experimenter. In Experiment 2, the likability of the experimenter was manipulated. Individuals who interacted with a likable experimenter exhibited social tuning more so than did those who interacted with a rude experimenter. These findings suggest that affiliative motives may elicit malleability of automatic attitudes independent of manipulations of social group exemplars. 相似文献
850.
Subjective sleepiness at different times is often measured in studies on sleep loss, night work, or drug effects. However, the context at the time of rating may influence results. The present study examined sleepiness throughout the day at hourly intervals and during controlled activities [reading, writing, walking, social interaction (discussion), etc.] by 10-min. intervals for 3 hr. This was done on a normal working day preceded by a scheduled early rising (to invite sleepiness) for six subjects. Analysis showed a significant U-shaped pattern across the day with peaks in the early morning and late evening. A walk and social interaction were associated with low sleepiness, compared to sedentary and quiet office work. None of this was visible in the hourly ratings. There was also a pronounced afternoon increase in sleepiness, that was not observable with hourly ratings. It was concluded that there are large variations in sleepiness related to time of day and also to context and that sparse sampling of subjective sleepiness may miss much of this variation. 相似文献