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231.
Anna Luzio-lockett 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1998,26(2):209-223
The experience of overseas students on study programmes in a higher educational setting in the UK is explored, in an attempt to identify, from the perspective of the individual, how/why the self might be affected during this 'transitional' period. The adjustment required in this period involves accommodating oneself within the frames of reference of the host culture, entailing an apparent tendency to attempt to squeeze one's identity within pre-established conventions. Language restrictions and other affective and situational factors are seen as being detrimental to academic performance, having a knock-on effect on the 'self-concept', and on the overall educational experience, respectively. This issue should be addressed in the context of guidance and counselling, and academic and personal support, for international students. 相似文献
232.
Giorgio Grossi Anna Åhs Ulf Lundberg 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1998,33(3):249-263
The aim of the present study was to examine the association between psychological factors and salivary cortisol secretion
(baseline level, reactivity to laboratory stressors) in a sample of 59 long-term unemployed men and women (mean age 42±10
years). Subjects were divided into four groups according to their basal levels of salivary cortisol as well as their reactivity
to experimental stress (stress level minus baseline): (1) low base/low reactivity; (2) high base/low reactivity; (3) low base/high
reactivity; and (4) high base/high reactivity. The low base/low reactivity group was characterized by significantly higher
somatic anxiety, muscular tension, irritability, and depression (Beck’s Depression Inventory) and lower perceived control
(mastery) than the other groups. The low base/high reactivity group was also characterized by depression and low perceived
control. The high base/low reactivity group was higher in terms of monotony avoidance, Type-A behavior (JAS) and mastery,
but lower in depression. The results indicate that (1) individuals with personality traits reflecting emotional distress are
more vulnerable to exhaustion of the HPA-axis following long-term unemployment and (2) monotony avoidance and Type-A behavior,
at least temporarily, seem to exert a beneficial influence on mental well-being among long-term unemployed individuals. 相似文献
233.
Adolescent reading skill and engagement with digital and traditional literacies as predictors of reading comprehension 下载免费PDF全文
Lynne G. Duncan Sarah P. McGeown Yvonne M. Griffiths Susan E. Stothard Anna Dobai 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2016,107(2):209-238
This study investigates the concurrent predictors of adolescent reading comprehension (literal, inferential) for fiction and non‐fiction texts. Predictors were examined from the cognitive (word identification, reading fluency), psychological (gender), and ecological (print exposure) domains. Print exposure to traditional and digital texts was surveyed using a diary method of reading habits. A cross‐sectional sample of 312 students in early (11–13 years) or middle adolescence (14–15 years) participated from a range of SES backgrounds. Word identification emerged as a strong predictor of reading comprehension across adolescence and text genres. Gender effects favouring female students were evident for reading frequency but not for reading skill itself. Reading habits also differed, and comprehension advantages were observed among females for fiction and males for non‐fiction. Age effects emerged for reading frequency, which was lower in middle adolescence. Although more time was spent on digital than on traditional texts, traditional extended text reading was the only reading habit to predict inference‐making in comprehension and to distinguish skilled from less skilled comprehenders. The theoretical and educational implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
234.
Giselle Pianowski Anna Elisa de Villemor-Amaral 《Journal of personality assessment》2016,98(4):398-407
Exner (1989) and Weiner (2003) identified 3 types of Rorschach codes that are most likely to contain personally relevant projective material: Distortions, Movement, and Embellishments. We examine how often these types of codes occur in normative data and whether their frequency changes for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, or last response to a card. We also examine the impact on these variables of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System's (R–PAS) statistical modeling procedures that convert the distribution of responses (R) from Comprehensive System (CS) administered protocols to match the distribution of R found in protocols obtained using R-optimized administration guidelines. In 2 normative reference databases, the results indicated that about 40% of responses (M = 39.25) have 1 type of code, 15% have 2 types, and 1.5% have all 3 types, with frequencies not changing by response number. In addition, there were no mean differences in the original CS and R-optimized modeled records (M Cohen's d = –0.04 in both databases). When considered alongside findings showing minimal differences between the protocols of people randomly assigned to CS or R-optimized administration, the data suggest R-optimized administration should not alter the extent to which potential projective material is present in a Rorschach protocol. 相似文献
235.
Giselle Pianowski Anna Elisa de Villemor-Amaral 《Journal of personality assessment》2016,98(4):408-418
To generate normative reference data for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS), modeling procedures were developed to convert the distribution of responses (R) in protocols obtained using Comprehensive System (CS; Exner 2003) administration guidelines to match the distribution of R in protocols obtained using R-Optimized Administration (Meyer, Viglione, Mihura, Erard, &; Erdberg, 2011). This study replicates the R–PAS study, examining the impact of modeling R-Optimized Administration on Brazilian normative reference values by comparing a sample of 746 CS administered protocols to its counterpart sample of 343 records modeled to match R-Optimized Administration. The results were strongly consistent with the R–PAS findings, showing the modeled records had a slightly higher mean R and, secondarily, slightly higher means for Complexity and V-Comp, as well as smaller standard deviations for R, Complexity, and R8910%. We also observed 5 other small differences not observed in the R–PAS study. However, when comparing effect sizes for the differences in means and standard deviations observed in this study to the differences found in the R–PAS study, the results were virtually identical. These findings suggest that using R-Optimized Administration in Brazil might produce normative results that are similar to traditional CS norms for Brazil and similar to the international norms used in R–PAS. 相似文献
236.
237.
Kai Kaspar Anna Jurisch Maren Schneider 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2016,35(3):377-385
Research in the field of embodied cognition has shown that incidental weight sensations influence people’s evaluation of different issues. The present study expands the scope of weight-related embodiment research and investigates whether experienced funniness of cartoons is affected by haptic sensorimotor experiences. We found an interaction between gender and weight sensations (light versus heavy clipboard) on the experienced funniness of nonsense cartoons. The experienced funniness in male recipients was enhanced by heaviness, but this effect was reversed in the group of females. The effect was also present when inferring the funniness experience of other recipients. Moreover, the participants’ general mood was worsened by heaviness. Weight did not affect the extent to which serious social issues are considered with humor, but men showed a stronger tendency to do so. Overall, the results expand the current scope in embodiment research, highlight the necessity to consider inter-individual differences in this field and introduce new aspects to humor research. 相似文献
238.
Maciej Stolarski Marcin Zajenkowski Anna Zajenkowska 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2016,35(4):506-515
The aim of this study was to empirically verify a series of hypotheses on the role of time perspective (TP) in predicting aggression, formulated on the basis of TP Theory and models of aggression. Three hundred participants completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Analysis revealed numerous significant relationships between TP dimensions and aggression. In particular, individuals scoring high on Past Negative, Present Fatalistic, and Present Hedonistic were more prone to aggressive feelings, and, in consequence, aggressive behavior. These relationships were, however, strongly attenuated in individuals with high levels of two remaining TPs – Past Positive and Future. The results provide evidence that the temporal perspective people use to structure their experience into time horizons may play a significant role in the intensity and dynamics of aggression. We discuss our results from the perspectives of psychological theories of aggression and TP. 相似文献
239.
Kotaro Shoji Ewelina Smoktunowicz Anna Rogala Charles C. Benight Aleksandra Luszczynska 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2016,29(4):367-386
Background and Objectives: This study aimed at systematically reviewing and meta-analyzing the strength of associations between self-efficacy and job burnout (the global index and its components). We investigated whether these associations would be moderated by: (a) the type of measurement of burnout and self-efficacy, (b) the type of occupation, (c) the number of years of work experience and age, and (d) culture. Design and Methods: We systematically reviewed and analyzed 57 original studies (N?=?22,773) conducted among teachers (k?=?29), health-care providers (k?=?17), and other professionals (k?=?11). Results: The average effect size estimate for the association between self-efficacy and burnout was of medium size (?.33). Regarding the three burnout components, the largest estimate of the average effect (?.49) was found for the lack of accomplishment. The estimates of the average effect were similar, regardless of the type of measures of burnout and self-efficacy measurement (general vs. context-specific). Significantly larger estimates of the average effects were found among teachers (compared to health-care providers), older workers, and those with longer work experience. Conclusions: Significant self-efficacy–burnout relationships were observed across countries, although the strength of associations varied across burnout components, participants' profession, and their age. 相似文献
240.
Angeline Sin Mei Tsui Yuen Ki Ma Anna Ho Hiu Mei Chow Chia‐huei Tseng 《Developmental science》2016,19(3):382-393
Extracting general rules from specific examples is important, as we must face the same challenge displayed in various formats. Previous studies have found that bimodal presentation of grammar‐like rules (e.g. ABA) enhanced 5‐month‐olds’ capacity to acquire a rule that infants failed to learn when the rule was presented with visual presentation of the shapes alone (circle‐triangle‐circle) or auditory presentation of the syllables (la‐ba‐la) alone. However, the mechanisms and constraints for this bimodal learning facilitation are still unknown. In this study, we used audio‐visual relation congruency between bimodal stimulation to disentangle possible facilitation sources. We exposed 8‐ to 10‐month‐old infants to an AAB sequence consisting of visual faces with affective expressions and/or auditory voices conveying emotions. Our results showed that infants were able to distinguish the learned AAB rule from other novel rules under bimodal stimulation when the affects in audio and visual stimuli were congruently paired (Experiments 1A and 2A). Infants failed to acquire the same rule when audio‐visual stimuli were incongruently matched (Experiment 2B) and when only the visual (Experiment 1B) or the audio (Experiment 1C) stimuli were presented. Our results highlight that bimodal facilitation in infant rule learning is not only dependent on better statistical probability and redundant sensory information, but also the relational congruency of audio‐visual information. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KYTyjH1k9RQ 相似文献