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801.
Anna Kreiner 《The Journal of medical humanities》1995,16(1):55-68
In an era of increasing medical costs and cries for health care reform in the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has come under intense scrutiny. Ethical issues are inherent in the pharmaceutical marketplace, and there is a need to address the moral rights and responsibilities of drug manufacturers consumers, health care professionals, and governmental agents in the production, distribution, regulation, and use of these products. A dual market system protecting individual rights to access and autonomy without placing an undue strain on societal resources would provide an adequate and equitable framework for an ethical pharmaceutical industry. 相似文献
802.
The purpose of this study was to predict heart rate and blood pressure responses to a stressor task in 166 male and female university students using the multidimensional approach of the Survey of Work Styles. The Survey of Work Styles is comprised of scales for Impatience, Anger, Time Urgency, Work Involvement, Job Dissatisfaction, and Competitiveness. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before and during a 5 min serial subtraction task. Three bipolar Survey of Work Styles profiles were identified for each sex. In males, similarity to each profile was uniquely related to one task cardiovascular measure. In females, two of the three profiles were uniquely related to one physiological measure assessed during the task. The data thus support separate treatment of male and female data. Consideration was given to the possible influence of TABP components, such as Anger, in the differences in the patterns of physiological responses for different Type A profile types. Implications of the physiological results for future studies on psychophysiological differences between Type A and B individuals, and the pathological links between Type A behavior and coronary heart diseases are discussed with emphasis on the recognition of the heterogeneity of personality profiles associated with Type A behavior. 相似文献
803.
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805.
International research on operationalization of psychoanalytical constructs has brought up several instruments which are often refused by non-psychoanalytical research because they stick too close to psychoanalytical terms. Furthermore, for all of these instruments intensive training is needed to achieve reliability, and some of them pertain only to certain parts of personality functioning. Recently, a new diagnostic instrument, the Shedler-Westen assessment procedure (SWAP-200) gained strong influence on the US American research on personality disorders. The SWAP authors claim to create a universal and empirically derived language to describe personality pathology. The Q-sort-based procedure is supposed to bridge the gap between empirical research and clinical practice, to overcome DSM-IV with its reduction to symptoms while ignoring inner psychic phenomena, as well as to build a foundation for psychoanalytic case formulation. The relevance of SWAP-200 for the German speaking region is discussed and its procedure is demonstrated by the presentation of one case. Due to positive outcomes of previous validation studies it could be reasonable to implement SWAP in Germany after further independent testing. 相似文献
806.
Anna Piela 《Contemporary Islam》2011,5(3):249-265
In this article, I address piety as a concept shaping Muslim women’s online discussions about gender roles, marriage and professional
careers. I also investigate cross-cultural religious encounters in these women-only groups as I am interested in the potential
of such online environments to facilitate women’s religious reflection and intellectual engagement. Finally, I explore motivations
and religious interpretations of three categories of participants in these discussions: egalitarians, for whom gender equality
is a necessary component of piety (Barlas 2006); traditionalists, identified by other authors as Islamists (Karam 1998) or social conservatives (Gül and Gül 48:1–26, 2000; Mahmood 2005) and finally, holists, a group that cannot be mapped out on the political landscape by using the progressive–conservative
binary (Badran, Agenda 50:41–57, 2001) and which exists and acts outside of it, neither subverting nor enacting norms of any dominant system, be it secular–liberal
or patriarchal. Following Mahmood’s argument that formulating an analysis based exclusively on such a binary is simplistic
(Mahmood 2005), I argue that actions of holists can be only addressed by formulating a set of questions different to those used to analyse
self-defined egalitarians or traditionalists. 相似文献
807.
Lyon P 《Cognitive processing》2006,7(1):11-29
After half a century of cognitive revolution we remain far from agreement about what cognition is and what cognition does.
It was once thought that these questions could wait until the data were in. Today there is a mountain of data, but no way
of making sense of it. The time for tackling the fundamental issues has arrived. The biogenic approach to cognition is introduced
not as a solution but as a means of approaching the issues. The traditional, and still predominant, methodological stance
in cognitive inquiry is what I call the anthropogenic approach: assume human cognition as the paradigm and work ‘down’ to
a more general explanatory concept. The biogenic approach, on the other hand, starts with the facts of biology as the basis
for theorizing and works ‘up’ to the human case by asking psychological questions as if they were biological questions. Biogenic
explanations of cognition are currently clustered around two main frameworks for understanding biology: self-organizing complex
systems and autopoiesis. The paper describes the frameworks and infers from them ten empirical principles—the biogenic ‘family
traits’—that constitute constraints on biogenic theorizing. Because the anthropogenic approach to cognition is not constrained
empirically to the same degree, I argue that the biogenic approach is superior for approaching a general theory of cognition
as a natural phenomenon.
相似文献
Pamela LyonEmail: |
808.
This study assesses the construct validity of a measure of mental toughness, Loehr's Psychological Performance Inventory. Performers (N = 408, 303 men, 105 women, M age = 24.0 yr., SD = 6.7) drawn from eight sports (artistic rollerskating, basketball, canoeing, golf, rugby league, rugby union, soccer, swimming), and competing at either international, national, county and provincial, or club and regional standards. They completed the 42-item Psychological Performance Inventory during training camps. Principal components analysis provided minimal support for the factor structure. Instead, the exploratory analysis yielded a 4-factor 14-item model (PPI-A). A single factor underlying mental toughness (G(MT)) was identified with higher-order exploratory factor analysis using the Schmid-Leiman procedure. Psychometric analysis of the model, using confirmatory analysis techniques, fitted the data well. Collectively satisfying absolute and incremental fit index benchmarks, the inventory possesses satisfactory psychometric properties, with adequate reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. The results lend preliminary support to the factorial validity and reliability of the model; however, further investigation of its stability is required before recommending practitioners use changes in scores as an index for evaluating effects of training in psychological skills. 相似文献
809.
Reginald D.V. Nixon Thomas J. Nehmy Alicia A. Ellis Shelley-Anne Ball Annemarie Menne Anna C. McKinnon 《Behaviour research and therapy》2010,48(8):810-815
Prospective studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children that investigate simultaneously both cognitive and biological or psychophysiological predictors are rare. The present research reports on the impact of cognitive factors (trauma-related appraisals) and biological indicators (heart rate, morphine use) in predicting PTSD and depression symptoms following single-incident trauma. Children and adolescents (N = 48) were assessed within 4 weeks of an injury that led to hospital treatment and followed up 6-months later. While morphine did not predict initial PTSD severity, it was associated with lower levels of PTSD at follow-up. Reductions in PTSD symptoms (change scores) between assessments were similarly associated with morphine dosage. Trauma-related appraisals also contributed to PTSD and depression symptom severity. While slightly different patterns of results were obtained depending on whether static or change scores were examined, as a whole the study adds to a growing literature that morphine has the potential to reduce PTSD symptoms severity. Likewise the relationship between unhelpful trauma appraisals and posttrauma psychopathology was replicated. 相似文献
810.
Guillazo-Blanch G Nadal R Vale-Martínez A Martí-Nicolovius M Arévalo R Morgado-Bernal I 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2002,78(2):406-425
The fimbria-fornix (FF) is the main subcortical input to the hippocampus. It has been shown that FF lesions facilitate performance on a standard-delay two-way active avoidance task (AA2), thought to involve implicit memory. The hippocampal region is required for explicit or relational memory. It has been proposed that the hippocampus and related structures might associate events that are separated in space or time and detect elements shared in common by such discontiguous episodes. Therefore, FF lesions would be expected to impair performance on a trace paradigm, which introduces an interval between the CS (conditioned stimulus) and the US (unconditioned stimulus) and is generally considered a model of explicit memory. We predicted that FF lesions would impair memory in a trace AA2 procedure, while the same lesions would facilitate memory in a standard delay version of the task. To test this hypothesis, two experiments were carried out in 102 male Wistar rats. The first experiment characterized the trace paradigm using this kind of conditioning and demonstrated that control rats were able to acquire and retrieve (24 h and 11 days postacquisition) the association between the CS (tone) and the US (electric foot shock) when a trace interval (5, 10, or 20 s) was interposed between both stimuli. In the second experiment, we investigated the effects of FF electrolytic lesions on the same task using delay and trace (10-s trace interval) paradigms. Surprisingly, FF lesions facilitated the acquisition and the 24-h retention of the AA2 not only on the standard delay paradigm, but also with the trace paradigm. We suggest that facilitative effects could be a result of impairment in contextual learning. 相似文献