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931.
In adults, the onset of coherent motion compared to random motion in a random dot kinematogram leads to a right hemispheric amplitude advantage of the N2 response. The source of this asymmetry is believed to lie in the motion selective MT+ cortex. Here, we tested whether the right tempo-parietal N2 component shows a similar regularity in children. In particular, we were interested in whether coherent vs. incoherent motion modulates the amplitude of N2 similarly in dyslexic and control children. We found higher N2 amplitude for coherent compared to random motion in the right hemisphere for controls but not for dyslexics. This effect was related to topographical differences of N2 amplitude for random motion between the studied groups and was accompanied by longer reaction times to random motion in dyslexic compared to control children. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the amplitude of N2 for random motion and spelling errors was observed in both groups, which is consistent with previous findings linking the magnocellular-dorsal (MD) pathway with orthographic skills. These data support the hypothesis of subtle deficiencies in the MD pathway in dyslexia. 相似文献
932.
Hannu Räty Katri Komulainen Nina Skorokhodova Vadim Kolesnikov Anna Hämäläinen 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(1):1-22
The study set out to examine Finnish and Russian children’s images of intelligence as contextualized in the systems of the
school and gender. Finnish and Russian pupils, aged 11–12 years, were asked to draw pictures of an intelligent and an ordinary
pupil and a good and an ordinary pupil. A distinctive feature shared by the children in both countries was that intelligent
pupils were depicted as positively orientated to knowledge and studies and as similar to good pupils. The Russian children’s
pictures emphasized academic performance, suggesting that the contribution of the school to children’s representations was
greater in Russia than in Finland. In regard to gender appearance, the intelligent pupil was usually pictured in gender-neutral
or childish features, suggesting that being defined as intellectually competent entailed deviating from the heterosexual ideal.
In the discussion, the ambivalence associated with social definitions of intelligence is addressed. 相似文献
933.
Anna C. Phillips 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2011,5(9):621-633
Interdisciplinary work between psychologists and immunologists has shown that factors like stress could be the trigger that leads to the development of a bout of illness. By studying the response to vaccination, we can examine immune function in the context of the rest of the body in a clinically meaningful way. This technique has been used to demonstrate consistent relationships between stress and the response to influenza vaccination and other vaccines, as well as links between other factors, such as social support and personality, and vaccination‐induced protection against disease. There are several ways the vaccination response can be used to understand more about how stress influences immunity. In addition, specific types of stress and other factors that influence our immune response appear to differ across different populations, which emphasises the importance of taking a life course approach to studying these relationships. 相似文献
934.
Anna Piela 《Contemporary Islam》2011,5(3):249-265
In this article, I address piety as a concept shaping Muslim women’s online discussions about gender roles, marriage and professional
careers. I also investigate cross-cultural religious encounters in these women-only groups as I am interested in the potential
of such online environments to facilitate women’s religious reflection and intellectual engagement. Finally, I explore motivations
and religious interpretations of three categories of participants in these discussions: egalitarians, for whom gender equality
is a necessary component of piety (Barlas 2006); traditionalists, identified by other authors as Islamists (Karam 1998) or social conservatives (Gül and Gül 48:1–26, 2000; Mahmood 2005) and finally, holists, a group that cannot be mapped out on the political landscape by using the progressive–conservative
binary (Badran, Agenda 50:41–57, 2001) and which exists and acts outside of it, neither subverting nor enacting norms of any dominant system, be it secular–liberal
or patriarchal. Following Mahmood’s argument that formulating an analysis based exclusively on such a binary is simplistic
(Mahmood 2005), I argue that actions of holists can be only addressed by formulating a set of questions different to those used to analyse
self-defined egalitarians or traditionalists. 相似文献
935.
Silton RL Heller W Engels AS Towers DN Spielberg JM Edgar JC Sass SM Stewart JL Sutton BP Banich MT Miller GA 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2011,120(2):272-285
A network consisting of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been implicated in top-down attentional control. Few studies have systematically investigated how this network is altered in psychopathology, despite evidence that depression and anxiety are associated with attentional control impairments. Functional MRI and dense-array event-related brain potential (ERP) data were collected in separate sessions from 100 participants during a color-word Stroop task. Functional MRI results guided ERP source modeling to characterize the time course of activity in LDLPFC (300-440 ms) and dACC (520-680 ms). At low levels of depression, LDLPFC activity was indirectly related to Stroop interference and only via dACC activity. In contrast, at high levels of depression, dACC did not play an intervening role, and increased LDLPFC activity was directly related to decreased Stroop interference. Specific to high levels of anxious apprehension, higher dACC activity was related to more Stroop interference. Results indicate that depression and anxious apprehension modulate temporally and functionally distinct aspects of the frontocingulate network involved in top-down attention control. 相似文献
936.
937.
Stone A 《Perceptual and motor skills》2011,112(2):451-476
Two experiments are reported using a 1986 version of the dot-probe paradigm of MacLeod, Mathews, and Tata, in which the masked subliminal faces of famous persons were differentially associated with attention depending on participants' attitudes toward the famous person. There was attentional avoidance of the faces of persons invoking high disgust (Exp. 1, n=20) or dislike (Exp. 2) but attentional orientation toward the faces of persons invoking low disgust or liking. In Exp. 2 (n=28), this effect was apparent for the faces but not the names of famous persons, despite evidence that the famous names were recognised without awareness. The aversion of attention from faces, but not the names of famous persons who are regarded in a negative light but who are not particularly threatening, may suggest an automatic tendency to avoid making eye contact with an undesirable person thereby avoiding unwanted social interaction. 相似文献
938.
939.
Multitasking among three or more different tasks is a ubiquitous requirement of everyday cognition, yet rarely is it addressed
in research on healthy adults who have had no specific training in multitasking skills. Participants completed a set of diverse
subtasks within a simulated shopping mall and office environment, the Edinburgh Virtual Errands Test (EVET). The aim was to
investigate how different cognitive functions, such as planning, retrospective and prospective memory, and visuospatial and
verbal working memory, contribute to everyday multitasking. Subtasks were chosen to be diverse, and predictions were derived
from a statistical model of everyday multitasking impairments associated with frontal-lobe lesions (Burgess, Veitch, de Lacy
Costello, & Shallice, 2000b). Multiple regression indicated significant independent contributions from measures of retrospective memory, visuospatial
working memory, and online planning, but not from independent measures of prospective memory or verbal working memory. Structural
equation modelling showed that the best fit to the data arose from three underlying constructs, with Memory and Planning having
a weak link, but with both having a strong directional pathway to an Intent construct that reflected implementation of intentions.
Participants who followed their preprepared plan achieved higher scores than those who altered their plan during multitask
performance. This was true regardless of whether the plan was efficient or poor. These results substantially develop and extend
the Burgess et al. (2000b) model to healthy adults and yield new insight into the poorly understood area of everyday multitasking. The findings also
point to the utility of using virtual environments for investigating this form of complex human cognition. 相似文献
940.
Krueger RF Eaton NR Clark LA Watson D Markon KE Derringer J Skodol A Livesley WJ 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(2):170-191
The DSM-IV model of personality disorders is composed of trait sets arranged into 10 theoretically distinct, polythetically assessed categories, with little regard for how the traits comprising these disorders are interrelated and structured. Research since the publication of DSM-III has shown that this model is untenable. The question is not whether this model needs revision; rather, the question is how to move from the existing DSM-IV framework to a model better connected with data. Empirically-based models of personality trait variation provide a starting point for DSM-5, and ongoing research will be used to delineate further the empirical structure of personality traits in the pathological range. The ultimate goal is to frame future DSMs in a way that is maximally useful for clinicians as well as researchers. It is also critical to understand that the DSM-5 is intended to be a living document that will facilitate novel inquiry and clinical applications, as opposed to a document designed to promote and perpetuate a fixed set of constructs. Thus, we view a proposed trait system as a first step on a path to a well-validated, clinically-useful structure. 相似文献