Abstract: Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis of Shared Genetic Effects Between Brain Electrophysiology Measures and Alcohol Dependence

Multilevel analysis is an appropriate tool for the analysis of hierarchically structured data. There may, however, be reasons to ignore one of the levels of nesting in the data analysis. In this article a three level model with one predictor variable is used as a reference model and the top or intermediate level is ignored in the data analysis. Analytical results show that this has an effect on the estimated variance components and that standard errors of regression coefficients estimators may be overestimated, leading to a lower power of the test of the effect of the predictor variable. The magnitude of these results depends on the ignored level and the level at which the predictor variable varies, and on the values of the variance components and the sample sizes.     

Readdressing Gender Bias in the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory-Short Form

The short form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) was evaluated for gender bias. The authors replicated a study by L. Francis and D. James (1998) and administered the SEI to 361 middle and high school students (146 boys, 215 girls). They found that gender bias existed in 6 of the 25 items on the SEI, with 5 of those items favoring boys. Because recent literature indicates that male and female adolescents experience problems in different areas of their lives, the authors suggest that researchers consider such differences when selecting items for a standardized measure.     

Competitive Fighting between Mice with Different Hereditary Backgrounds

It was hypothesized that Piaget's argument on behalf of the reorganization of cognitive processes would gain empirical support from a color/form, matching similar objects problem for 52 (29 boys, 23 girls) 6-year-olds from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. The instrument had 32 frames, each of which had three red or blue objects, some of regular and some of irregular shape. After color or form dominance for each child was established, frames were presented in which the dominant dimension could be chosen only through cognitive reorganization. Indications of cognitive reorganization for form-processing children included switching to color choices when all three objects were of identical shape, taking significantly (p < .05) greater time to make a choice for irregularly shaped objects, and having judges find indications of the use of parts of irregularly shaped objects for matches in verbal explanations by each child.     

The Effects of Context on Parent—Child Interactions

Abstract

Revue Internationale de Pédagogie Comparative. Nantes (France): Auguste Mailloux, Rédacteur en chief. Mars, 1899, 1e année, No. 1. pp. 68. 10 francs a year. Reviewed by Will S. Monroe.

An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Edited by Edwin Herbert Lewis, Ph. D. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1899, pp. 410. Reviewed by W. S. Small.

L'Enfant et l'Adolescent dans la Société Moderne, par Louis Defert. Preface de M. Th. Ranssel. Paris, Montgredien et Cie, 1897. pp. 217. Reviewed by W. S. Small.

Une enquěte pédagogique dans les écoles primaires de Lyon. Par M. Chabot. Bulletin de l'Instruction primaire du Rhóne. January, 1899. pp. 51-55. Reviewed by Will S. Monroe.

Women and Economics, by Charlotte Perkins Stetson. Boston, 1898. pp. 340. Reviewed by J. P. Hylan.

Talks to Teachers on Psychology: and to Students on Some of Life's Ideals, by William James. Henry Holt &; Co., New York, 1899. pp. 301.

Psychology and Life, by Hugo Munsterberg. Houghton, Mifflin &; Co., Boston and New York, 1899. pp. 286.

From Comte to Benjamin Kidd, by Robert Mackintosh. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1899. pp. 312.

From the Child's Standpoint, by Florence H. Winterburn. Baker &; Taylor Co., New York, 1899. pp. 278.

Der Stoffwechsel des Kindes, von Wilhelm Camerer. Tübingen, 1896. pp. 160.

Tom Tit Tot, by Edward Clodd. London, 1898. pp. 249.

The Story of Ab; A Tale of the Time of the Cave Man, by Stanley Waterloo. Chicago and New York, 1899. pp. 351.

Legends of the Saints, by G. R. Woodward. London, 1898. pp. 104.

A Country Schoolmaster; James Shaw, Tynron, Dumfriesshire. Edited by Robert Wallace. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1899. pp. 392.

Creative Myths of Primitive America in Relation to the Religious History and Mental Development of Mankind, by Jeremiah Curtin. Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1898. pp. 530.

The Art of Teaching, by David Salmon. Longmans, Green and Co., New York, 1898. pp. 289.

The Life of Henry Drummond, by George Adam Smith. London, 1899. pp. 506.

Émile Zola, by Édouard Toulouse. Paris, 1896. pp. 285.

The Great Affirmations of Religion, by Thomas R. Slicer. Houghton, Mifflin &; Co., Boston and New York, 1898. pp. 273.

Have You a Strong Will? by Charles G. Leland. George Redway, London, 1899. pp. 235.

Early Chapters in Science, by Mrs. W. Awdry. J. Murray, London, 1890. pp. 348.

L'Ignorance et l'Irréflexion, par L. Gérard-Varet. F, Alcan, Paris, 1898. pp. 296.

L'Ignorance et l'Irréflexion, par L. Gérard-Varet. F, Alcan, Paris, 1898. pp. 296.

Die Spiele der Menschen, von Karl Groos. Jena, 1899. pp. 538.

Popular Education in England, by J. George Hodgins. Toronto, 1899. pp. 77.

Psychologisches Lesebuch zusammengestellt mil Rücksicht auf pädagogische Verwertung, von S. Hoffmann. E. Wunderlich, Leipzig, 1896. pp. 167.

Special Method in Natural Science, by Charles A. McMurry and Mrs. Lida B. McMurry. Bloomington, Ill., 1899. pp. 267.

Through Nature to God, by John Fiske. Houghtou, Mifflin and Co., Boston, 1899. pp. 194.

L'Éducation Nouvelle, par Edmond Demolins. Paris. pp. 320.

Les François d'aujourd'hui, par Edmond Demolins. Paris. pp. 465.

A Study of the Kindergarten, by Frederic Burk and Caroline Frear Burk. San Francisco, 1899. pp. 123.

The Pedagogues, by Arthur Stanwood Pier. Small, Maynard &; Co., Boston, 1899. pp. 287.

L'Enfant, par Comtesse Nacla. E. Flammarion, Paris, 1899. pp.203.

Autobiography of a Child. Wm. Blackwood &; Sons, London, 1899. pp. 299.     

Simple Discrimination Behavior of Young Chimpanzees: Comparisons with Human Aments and Domestic Animals

The authors' purpose in this paper was to examine how the use of the “sad passive” coping style may be related to adolescent self-reported loneliness. Subjects were asked to complete the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) to determine self-reported loneliness and the Coping with Loneliness Questionnaire (CLQ; Rubenstein & Shaver, 1980) in order to examine coping styles. We hypothesized that those adolescents whose coping strategies fell into the category of sad passivity described by Rubenstein and Shaver would indicate greater loneliness than those adolescents whose coping strategies fell into other categories. Results indicated that sad passivity was used by both lonely and nonlonely adolescents, but that nonlonely youngsters resorted to this method only temporarily and in preparation for a more active coping style. Lonely teens, on the other hand, appeared to remain in the sad-passive mode to a maladaptive degree. These results were discussed in terms of their importance for theories of adolescent loneliness and for possible intervention strategies.     

Longitudinal Predictors of Alcohol‐Related Harms During the Transition to Adulthood

While a range of factors have been found to increase the likelihood of alcohol‐related harms among young people, little is known about their relative importance. This article aimed to identify the risks for alcohol‐related harms at an age when alcohol use and problems tend to peak in Australia (19–20 years). A wide range of concurrent and antecedent factors from multiple domains were examined using path analysis, including individual characteristics, family environment, and externalising and internalising problems. The sample comprised of 941 individuals from the Australian Temperament Project, a large longitudinal community‐based study. The path model controlled for current risky drinking and revealed a number of variables that were significant longitudinal predictors of alcohol‐related harms within each of the domains, including adolescent antisocial behaviour and drinking behaviour, low agreeableness, impulsivity, and paternal drinking levels. The potential for developmental prevention approaches to reduce alcohol‐related harms by targeting externalising behaviour problems, interpersonal influences, and individual characteristics is discussed.     

Predicting Psychologists' Intentions to Integrate Complementary and Alternative Therapies Into Their Practice

Drawing on an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework, we employed a cross‐sectional design study to investigate psychologists' intentions to integrate complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) into their practice via recommending CAT to clients or referring clients to CAT practitioners. Participants were registered practicing psychologists from a range of therapeutic orientations (e.g., narrative, cognitive behavioural, psychodynamic). The psychologists were either recruited by phone, following a search of the Internet, or were contacted through their place of employment (hospitals, university counselling service). Those who agreed to participate (N = 122; n = 88 females, n = 34 males) completed a questionnaire that included standard TPB items of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control, along with items measuring perceived risk, past behaviour, CAT knowledge, and gender. The outcome variables of interest were (a) intention to recommend CAT to clients and (b) intention to refer clients to CAT practitioners. Structural equation modelling revealed that the extended model was a good fit, explaining 69% (recommending CAT) and 51% (referring to CAT practitioners) of the variance in intentions. For both behaviours, direct paths from attitude and subjective norm to intentions were observed, with perceived risk and past behaviour influencing the TPB predictors of attitudes, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control. The findings illustrate the role that cognitive and risk factors have on psychologists' decisions to integrate CAT into their practice. Understanding psychologists' cognitions and decisions about CAT integration forms an important basis on which to consider future changes in policy or practice.     

Hope and Burden among Latino Families of Adults with Schizophrenia

This study examined hope and family burden among Latino families of individuals with schizophrenia. The sample consisted of 54 family members, one family member per outpatient adult recruited from public mental health programs in a diverse urban community. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to test the hypothesis that the family member's increased hope for the patient's future would be associated with decreased family burden beyond effects explained by the patient's length of illness and severity of symptoms. Results supported the study hypothesis. Family hope for the patient's future was associated with four of five types of family burden. Findings point to the prominent role of hope as a source of resilience for Latino families dealing with severe mental illness of a loved one.     

Dichotic listening,executive functions and grey matter cortical volume in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls

Schizophrenia is characterized by cognitive impairment, especially in relation to executive functions. Brain structural abnormalities are also often seen in schizophrenia although little is known of the relationship between cognitive impairment and structural brain changes. Our aim was therefore to investigate this relationship further using MRI and a dichotic listening (DL) task with simple speech sounds and with instructions to focus attention and report only from the left or right ear stimulus. When instructed to focus attention on the left ear syllable a cognitive conflict is induced requiring the allocation of executive resources to be resolved. Grey matter (GM) volume was measured with MRI from four volumes of interests (VOIs), left and right frontal and temporal cortex, respectively, and correlated with DL performance. The results showed significant differences between the groups in their ability to focus attention on and report the left ear stimulus, which was accompanied by reduced GM volume in the left frontal and right temporal lobe VOIs. There was also a significant positive correlation between left frontal GM volume and performance on the DL task, for the groups combined. The results did not support a conclusion that an impairment in cognitive function in schizophrenia was driven by an corresponding impairment in brain structure, since there were no significant correlations when the groups were analyzed separately. It is however concluded that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in executive functions and that they also show reduced GM volumes in left frontal and right temporal lobe areas, compared to healthy controls.     

'Gonnae no' dae that!'1 the internal and external worlds of the delinquent adolescent

In understanding delinquency in adolescence the key theoretical papers on the role of oedipal resolution and superego development remain essential and are summarized. To this we need to add our knowledge of trauma and of developmental deficit if we are to offer appropriate strategies for young delinquents and to be able to select those for whom therapy, intervention with the network or containment are appropriate. The defence of activity, commonplace in adolescence, becomes too easily enacted in the network around the delinquent and in the public domain, and thoughts are given on this process and on the roles open to the psychotherapist.

Afin de mieux cerner la délinquance chez l'adolescent, l'auteur passe en revue certains textes théoriques fondamentaux et toujours d'actualité sur l'importance de la dissolution du complexe d'?dipe et de la mise en place du Surmoi. À ces thèmes il convient d'ajouter ce que nous connaissons de l'impact des traumatismes et des défaillances développementales si nous voulons offrir au jeune délinquant des stratégies adéquates et identifier ceux pour qui une modalité particulière d'intervention - thérapie, prise en charge en réseau, structure contenante - semble la mieux indiquée. La défense par mise en acte, fréquente À l'adolescence, trouve trop facilement un écho dans le réseau d'intervenants autour de l'adolescent et dans le champ social ; l'auteur développe ses réflexions À ce sujet et explore les rôles que le thérapeute peut être amené À jouer.