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851.
In the part-set cuing effect, cuing a subset of previously studied items impairs recall of the remaining noncued items. This
experiment reveals that cuing participants with previously-studied emotional pictures (e.g., fearevoking pictures of people)
can impair recall of pictures involving the same emotion but different content (e.g., fear-evoking pictures of animals). This
indicates that new events can be organized in memory using emotion as a grouping function to create associations. However,
whether new information is organized in memory along emotional or nonemotional lines appears to be a flexible process that
depends on people’s current focus. Mentioning in the instructions that the pictures were either amusement- or fear-related
led to memory impairment for pictures with the same emotion as cued pictures, whereas mentioning that the pictures depicted
either animals or people led to memory impairment for pictures with the same type of actor. 相似文献
852.
The present study was designed to test the influence of negative mood on the self-report of individual and relational correlates of depression and marital distress. The authors applied a combined experimental mood induction procedure, based on music, autobiographical recall, and environmental manipulation. Results showed that the mood manipulation was effective, and the depressed Mood Induction Procedure (MIP) and neutral MIP groups did not differ in their self-rated measures of the above-mentioned variables. In conclusion, the authors argue that these measures are generally insensitive to depressed mood, providing an important contribution to this literature. 相似文献
853.
854.
Sylvia Xiaohua Chen Michael Harris Bond Donghui Tang 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2007,10(4):213-223
In an attempt to explore the attitude-behaviour relationship, the present study examined the mixed findings from research on filial piety by differentiating filial attitudes from filial behaviours. The Filial Behaviour Scale was developed to tap the behavioural manifestations of filial piety, and its nomological network was established in two Chinese contexts, Hong Kong and Beijing. In addition to filial attitudes, we used values, social beliefs, and self-construals to explain filial behaviours. The results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the value factor of conservation and the social axiom of reward for application predicted filial behaviour above and beyond filial attitudes; an interdependent self-construal moderated the effect of cultural group on filial behaviour. Gender and regional differences in filial piety were also examined. Males were found to score higher on filial attitudes, but not significantly higher on filial behaviours. Regional differences existed in filial behaviours, but not in filial attitudes, with Mainland Chinese displaying a higher level of filial behaviours than their Hong Kong counterparts. These identified differences suggest the importance of differentiating filial attitudes from filial behaviours in future attempts to understand Chinese filiality. 相似文献
855.
McMorris T Mielcarz G Harris RC Swain JP Howard A 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(5):517-528
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on the cognitive performance of elderly people. Participants were divided into two groups, which were tested on random number generation, forward and backward number and spatial recall, and long-term memory tasks to establish a baseline level. Group 1 (n = 15) were given 5 g four times a day of placebo for 1 week, followed by the same dosage of creatine for the second week. Group 2 (n = 17) were given placebo both weeks. Participants were retested at the end of each week. Results showed a significant effect of creatine supplementation on all tasks except backward number recall. It was concluded that creatine supplementation aids cognition in the elderly. 相似文献
856.
van den Bos W McClure SM Harris LT Fiske ST Cohen JD 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):337-346
In recent studies, various regions of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) have been implicated in at least two potentially
different mental functions: reasoning about the minds of other people (social cognition) and processing reward related information
(affective evaluation). In this study, we test whether the activation in a specific area of the vmPFC, the para-anterior cingulate
cortex (PACC), correlates with the reward value of stimuli in general or is specifically associated with social cognition.
Participants performed a time estimation task with trial-to-trial feedback in which reward and social context were manipulated
separately. Reward was manipulated by giving either positive or negative feedback in the form of small squirts of fluid delivered
orally. Social context was manipulated by instructing participants that positive and negative feedback was determined by another
person or a computer. The data demonstrate a main effect of feedback, but not social context, in the PACC, suggesting that
this area of the vmPFC serves a general function in evaluating and/or representing reward value. In addition, activity in
a more anterior subregion of the vmPFC demonstrated reward-related sensitivity only in the social context. Another area that
showed a similar interaction was the subgenual cingulate, but this region was only sensitive to negative feedback in the social
condition. These findings suggest that, within the vmPFC, the PACC subserves primarily an affective function, whereas in other
regions social context can modulate affective responses. 相似文献
857.
858.
We examined selective attention to threat stimuli as a function of individual differences in adult attachment. Participants completed a dot-probe task in which a general threat word, attachment-related threat word, general positive or attachment-related positive word was presented together with a neutral word. Results showed that attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with an attentional bias away from attachment threat words. This attentional avoidance effect was best predicted by the interaction between attachment anxiety and avoidance and not by their unique main effects. The findings are discussed in terms of attachment theory and its relation to attentional biases observed in psychopathology. 相似文献
859.
Do the viewpoint costs incurred when naming rotated familiar objects arise during initial identification or during consolidation? To answer this question we employed an attentional blink (AB) task where two target objects appeared amongst a rapid stream of distractor objects. Our assumption was that while both targets and distractors undergo initial identification only targets are consolidated in a form that allows overt report. We presented line drawings of objects with a usual upright canonical orientation, and separately manipulated the orientation of targets and distractors. In two experiments, targets were defined by colour, whereas in a third experiment they were defined by semantic category. Target 1 orientation influenced the AB, with objects rotated by 90 degrees causing a larger second target deficit than upright and upside-down objects. However, distractor orientation did not affect the magnitude of the second target deficit, regardless of whether targets were defined by colour or semantic category. Taken together, these findings suggest that the visual representations involved in the preliminary recognition of familiar objects are viewpoint-invariant and that viewpoint costs are incurred when these objects are consolidated for report. 相似文献
860.
The authors examined siblings' dyadic and differential experiences of parental warmth from 7 to 19 years of age. Participants were first- and second-borns from 201 families who reported on their warmth with each parent in 4 home interviews spaced over 5 years. Supporting an individual development hypothesis, multilevel model analyses revealed declines in parental warmth from early through midadolescence but no changes or increases in warmth in middle childhood and later adolescence. Consistent with a learning-from-experience hypothesis, declines in paternal warmth were less pronounced for second-borns than for firstborns. The results also suggest gender intensification in differential warmth for parents of mixed-gender sibling dyads. Within-family comparisons of youth provide unique insights about family relationship development. 相似文献