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21.
Gaze-following, the tendency to direct one's attention to locations looked at by others, is a crucial aspect of social cognition in human and nonhuman primates. Whereas the development of gaze-following has been intensely studied in human infants, its early ontogeny in nonhuman primates has received little attention. Combining longitudinal and cross-sectional observational data from Barbary macaques at 'La Forêt des Singes', we show here that gaze-following among conspecifics develops within the first year of life with a rapid increase between 5 and 6 months, reaching adult levels at 1 year. Sex, rank, and relatedness of the animal whose gaze the subject followed did not affect gaze-following rates. Interestingly, however, the behavior was enhanced in all age classes if a gaze-cue was accompanied by a facial expression. Furthermore, the effect of facial expressions had a modulatory influence on the ontogenetic trajectory of gaze-following, suggesting that it is of functional significance in the development of the behavior. Follow-up analyses revealed that one specific facial expression that is given in response to social interactions between third parties was particularly efficient in eliciting gaze-following responses, indicating the importance of cues that are able to guide the acquisition of social information. Taken together, these results suggest that the development and the operation of gaze-following are tuned to the social and physical characteristics of a species' environment. 相似文献
22.
Effects of semantic processing of crowded characters were investigated using numbers as stimuli. In an identification task,
typical spacing effects in crowding were replicated. Using the same stimuli in a magnitude comparison task, a smaller effect
of spacing was observed as well as an effect of response congruency. These effects were replicated in a second experiment
with varying stimulus-onset asynchronies. In addition, decreasing performance with increasing onset-asynchrony (so-called
type-B masking) for incongruent flankers indicates semantic processing of target and flankers. The data show that semantic
processing takes place even in crowded stimuli. This argues strongly against common accounts of crowding in terms of early
stimulus-driven impairments of processing. 相似文献
23.
The Dispositional Hope Scale (DHS; C. R. Snyder et al., 1991) consists of two subsets of items measuring Agency and Pathways. The authors used bifactor analysis to evaluate the dimensionality structure of the scale. Data from 676 persons (295 psychiatric patients, 112 delinquents, and 269 students) were analyzed. The authors conclude that although the Pathway items seem to explain some additional variance when the Hope scale variance is partionalized out, the DHS allows unidimensional measurement. 相似文献
24.
Klein Anke M. Liber Juliette M. van Lang Natasja D. J. Reichart Catrien Nauta Maaike van Widenfelt Brigit M. Utens Elisabeth M. W. J. 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2021,49(11):1461-1472
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - The current study investigated the role of social skills and its interaction with social anxiety as predictors of treatment outcome in children... 相似文献
25.
Faulhaber Anja K. Dittmer Anke Blind Felix Wächter Maximilian A. Timm Silja Sütfeld Leon R. Stephan Achim Pipa Gordon König Peter 《Science and engineering ethics》2019,25(2):399-418
Science and Engineering Ethics - Ethical thought experiments such as the trolley dilemma have been investigated extensively in the past, showing that humans act in utilitarian ways, trying to cause... 相似文献
26.
Stijn A.H. Friederichs Anke Oenema Catherine Bolman Lilian Lechner 《Psychology & health》2016,31(8):907-930
Objective: This study explores whether a web-based physical activity (PA) intervention grounded in self-determination theory (SDT) and motivational interviewing (MI) is more effective and better appreciated than a traditional web-based PA intervention.
Design: A randomized controlled trial was conducted, comparing (1) I Move; a web-based PA intervention based on SDT and MI, (2) Active Plus; a traditional web-based PA intervention and (3) a waiting list control condition.
Main outcome measures: Weekly minutes of moderate to vigorous PA and weekly days with ≥30 min PA were measured through self-report at baseline and at 3 and 6 months from baseline.
Results: I Move achieved a small, but significant increase in weekly minutes of moderate to vigorous PA, while Active Plus did not have a significant impact on this outcome. Both interventions were effective in increasing weekly days with ≥30 min PA, whereas Active Plus yielded a greater effect on this outcome.
Conclusion: Overall, the web-based PA intervention grounded in SDT and MI did not outperform the traditional web-based PA intervention. Further research should reveal whether this type of intervention is profitable for long-term maintenance of PA levels. 相似文献
27.
This study investigated whether direct and indirect measures predict unique variance components of fearful behaviour in children. One hundred eighty-nine children aged between 9 and 12 performed a pictorial version of the emotional Stroop task (EST), filled out the Spider Anxiety and Disgust Screening for Children (SADS-C), the Spider Phobia Questionnaire for Children (SPQ-C), and took part in a Behavioural Assessment Test (BAT). The EST did not correlate with self-reports. Correlations of the self-reports and the BAT remained significant after partialling out EST performance. Likewise, the EST and the BAT still correlated significantly with each other when controlling for the self-reports. This indicates that both direct and indirect measures are useful for predicting unique variance components of fearful behaviour in children. Moreover, it may explain why some previous studies have not found a relationship between self-reported fear and EST performance. 相似文献
28.
Anja Hilbert Jan-Michael Dierk Matthias Conradt Pia Schlumberger Anke Hinney Johannes Hebebrand 《Psychology & health》2013,28(7):749-761
The present study sought to investigate genetic/biological attributions of obesity, their associations with a predisposition to obesity and their crossectional and longitudinal implications for weight regulation in obese individuals presenting for genetic testing and counselling. A total of 421 obese men and women underwent psychological and anthropometric assessment and a mutation screen of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene. At study entry, women revealed more genetic/biological attributions than men on the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire adapted to obesity (86.2% versus 59.7%). Genetic/biological attributions of obesity were associated in both sexes with a family history of obesity, assessed through Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale. In both sexes, genetic/biological attributions were unrelated to weight regulation beliefs and behaviour (i.e. self-efficacy, controllability beliefs, restrained eating and physical activity), assessed through standardised questionnaires or interview at baseline and at six-month follow-up. In addition, causal attributions and weight regulation beliefs and behaviour were not predictive of body mass index at six-month follow-up. Overall, the results indicate that causal attributions of obesity to genetic/biological factors in obese individuals presenting for genetic screening and counselling are crossectionally and longitudinally unrelated to weight regulation and longer-term weight outcome. Those who attribute their obesity to genetic/biological factors likely have a familial obesity risk. 相似文献
29.
Error analyses were conducted to study processes underlying lateral masking effects. Location errors (i.e., confusions with a flanking letter) occurred at a rate higher than chance, and they increased with increasing eccentricity and with decreasing spacing. In longer strings, confusions with a flanker directly adjacent to the target (which is itself laterally masked) were more frequent than with a far flanker, and these confusions also increased with increasing eccentricity and with decreasing spacing indicating that identification of the letter's form is not necessarily disturbed by adjacent characters. This was confirmed in a whole report task, where there was better recognition performance for the central letter than in partial report. Whereas in partial report, the left flanker was more often confused with the target than the right one, in whole report, the left-most letter was recognized best. The data provide evidence that positional uncertainty contributes to lateral masking effects, and that a substantial portion of positional uncertainty occurs after having identified the letter's forms. 相似文献
30.
Anke Weidmann Ania Conradi Kathrin Gröger Lydia Fehm Thomas Fydrich 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(5):549-569
Abstract To understand mental disorders, analogue paradigms provide an indispensable contribution. In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the stressful film paradigm is a frequently used analogue approach: Films depicting traumatic events are shown to non-clinical participants in order to elicit stress responses analogue to responses to traumatic events in real life. Previous studies used a large variety of films, which is problematic with regard to the comparability of results. The main goal of this study was to identify a film clip that (a) consistently provokes stress reactions and (b) provokes reactions that are as similar as possible to traumatic stress. We randomly exposed 105 male and female participants to one of four stressful films, differing, e.g., in content and origin. Intrusive memories of the film, reported immediately after the film and during a diary phase of three days, as well as distress, heart rate, and several mood states were measured. A film clip depicting rape elicited the most consistent reactions that were characterized by a higher heart rate, more distress and more intrusive memories, compared to the other three clips. Intrusive memories across all films were especially related to an increase in heart rate and disgust in response to the film. 相似文献