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341.
Binghui Ge Yushi Luo Jiarong Li Jing Zhu Dingzhong Tang Zhonglou Gui 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(10):541-546
The γ/γ′ interfaces are thought to play an important role in determining the mechanical properties in single-crystal nickel-based superalloys. In this article, interfacial width in DD6, one second-generation single-crystal superalloy containing 2 wt% Re, has been studied by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy. From an atomic resolution high angle annular dark field image, both compositional interfaces and order–disorder interfaces are studied, and it is first found that the interfacial width of chemical composition is same with that between the ordered and disordered phases. 相似文献
342.
Anja Roye Thomas Jacobsen Erich Schröger 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2013,13(4):930-943
Discriminating personally significant from nonsignificant sounds is of high behavioral relevance and appears to be performed effortlessly outside of the focus of attention. Although there is no doubt that we automatically monitor our auditory environment for unexpected, and hence potentially significant, events, the characteristics of detection mechanisms based on individual memory schemata have been far less explored. The experiments in the present study were designed to measure event-related potentials (ERPs) sensitive to the discrimination of personally significant and nonsignificant nonlinguistic sounds. Participants were presented with random sequences of acoustically variable sounds, one of which was associated with personal significance for each of the participants. In Experiment 1, each participant’s own mobile SMS ringtone served as his or her significant sound. In Experiment 2, a nonsignificant sound was instead trained to become personally significant to each participant over a period of one month. ERPs revealed differential processing of personally significant and nonsignificant sounds from about 200 ms after stimulus onset, even when the sounds were task-irrelevant. We propose the existence of a mechanism for the detection of significant sounds that does not rely on the detection of acoustic deviation. From a comparison of the results from our active- and passive-listening conditions, this discriminative process based on individual memory schemata seems to be obligatory, whereas the impact of individual memory schemata on further stages of auditory processing may require top-down guidance. 相似文献
343.
In a go/no-go experiment, semantic redundancy gain was assessed for responses to single written words. Specifically, we asked participants to respond only to words whose meaning matched at least one semantic target feature—that is, the target category (e.g., animal), the target color (e.g., gray), or both. On redundant-target trials, the word (e.g., elephant) matched both semantic target features (i.e., gray and animal). On single-target trials, the word (e.g., beaver) matched one target feature (i.e., animal) and a nontarget feature (i.e., brown). We observed shorter reaction times in the redundant-target condition than in the faster single-target condition. Hence, the present study provides the first evidence that redundancy gain is not limited to responses to redundant proximal stimulus features but can also be observed for responses to semantic feature information. 相似文献
344.
ABSTRACTWhen participants search the same letter display repeatedly for different targets we might expect performance to improve on each subsequent search as they memorize characteristics of the display. However, here we find that search performance improved from a first search to a second search but not for a third search of the same display. This is predicted by a simple model that supports search with only a limited capacity short-term memory for items in the display. To support this model we show that a short-term memory recency effect is present in both the second and the third search. The magnitude of these effects is the same in both searches and as a result there is no additional benefit from the second to the third search. 相似文献
345.
Anja S. Euser Brittany E. Evans Kirstin Greaves‐Lord Anja C. Huizink Ingmar H.A. Franken 《Developmental science》2013,16(3):409-427
The present study examined the role of parental rearing behavior in adolescents’ risky decision‐making and the brain's feedback processing mechanisms. Healthy adolescent participants (n = 110) completed the EMBU‐C, a self‐report questionnaire on perceived parental rearing behaviors between 2006 and 2008 (T1). Subsequently, after an average of 3.5 years, we assessed (a) risky decision‐making during performance of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART); (b) event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by positive (gain) and negative feedback (loss) during the BART; and (c) self‐reported substance use behavior (T2). Age‐corrected regression analyses showed that parental rejection at T1 accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance in risk‐taking during the BART; the more adolescents perceived their parents as rejecting, the more risky decisions were made. Higher levels of perceived emotional warmth predicted increased P300 amplitudes in response to positive feedback at T2. Moreover, these larger P300 amplitudes (gain) significantly predicted risky decision‐making during the BART. Parental rearing behaviors during childhood thus seem to be significant predictors of both behavioral and electrophysiological indices of risky decision‐making in adolescence several years later. This is in keeping with the notion that environmental factors such as parental rearing are important in explaining adolescents’ risk‐taking propensities. 相似文献
346.
Humor styles have been found to be associated with well-being, however, no study has addressed the distinct well-being associations of combinations of humor styles, that is, humor types, yet. The present study thus aimed at investigating which combinations of humor styles exist and to which extent these humor types are associated with well-being. In an online questionnaire, the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ, Martin et al. J Res Pers 37:48–75, 2003), self-regulatory strategies, self-esteem, and well-being instruments were administered to a German sample. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses replicated the underlying structure of the HSQ. With hierarchical clustering, we found evidence for three humor types (endorsers, humor deniers, and self-enhancers), which differed in group means for self-esteem, self-regulatory strategies, and well-being. Findings provide further evidence for the positive well-being correlates of self-enhancing humor, and distinctly address the positive correlates of aggressive and self-defeating humor being absent. It is discussed that humor styles cannot be conceptualized as beneficial or detrimental per se, but have to be regarded in context. 相似文献
347.
348.
Anja Matschuck 《Axiomathes》2011,21(2):249-261
Weak Quantum Theory (WQT) and the Model of Pragmatic Information (MPI) are two psychophysical concepts developed on the basis
of quantum physics. The present study contributes to their empirical examination. The issue of the study is whether WQT and
MPI can not only explain ‘psi’-phenomena theoretically but also prove to be consistent with the empirical phenomenology of
extrasensory perception (ESP). From the main statements of both models, 33 deductions for psychic readings are derived. Psychic
readings are defined as settings, in which psychics support or counsel clients by using information not mediated through the
five senses. A qualitative approach is chosen to explore how the psychics experience extrasensory perceptions. Eight psychics
are interviewed with a half-structured method. The reports are examined regarding deductive and inductive aspects, using a
multi-level structured content analysis. The vast majority of deductions is clearly confirmed by the reports. Even though
the study has to be seen as an explorative attempt with many aspects to be specified, WQT and MPI prove to be coherent and
helpful concepts to explain ESP in psychic readings. 相似文献
349.
Fiedler A Schröter H Seibold VC Ulrich R 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(1):68-84
In two experiments, each including a simple reaction time (RT) task, a localization task, and a passive oddball paradigm,
the physical similarity between two dichotically presented auditory stimuli was manipulated. In both experiments, a redundant
signals effect (RSE), high localization performance, and a reliable mismatch negativity (MMN) was observed for largely differing
stimuli, suggesting that these are coded separately in auditory memory. In contrast, no RSE and a localization rate close
to chance level (experiment 1) or at chance (experiment 2) were observed for stimuli differing to a lesser degree. Crucially, for such stimuli a small (experiment 1) or no (experiment 2) MMN were observed. These MMN results indicate that such stimuli tend to fuse into a single percept and that this fusion
occurs rather early within information processing. 相似文献
350.
Patients with advanced cancer often suffer from existential distress. Although a variety of effective psychotherapeutic interventions for the treatment of psychological distress in cancer patients are available, concerns such as hope and meaning of life are only occasionally at the center of therapeutic attention. During recent years growing efforts have been made to develop and evaluate meaning-based interventions for cancer patients, particularly in the Anglo-American research literature. Meaning-based interventions are often realized as group therapy approaches to reduce emotional and spiritual distress and to promote hope, courage and control, to mobilize internal resources and to discuss future goals despite a noticeable limited life expectancy. Further aims include strengthening a patient??s self-esteem and sense of dignity, to appreciate strengths and past achievements, to reduce feelings of isolation, to strengthen the relationship with the partner and family members and to improve communication with the professional healthcare team. 相似文献