儿童对物体运动速度的认知发展——4—10岁儿童比较匀速直线运动物体速度的实验(下)

本文是前一同名报告的继续,补充介绍本研究的结果。 本研究的全部实验结果表明:1)儿童对速度的认知是从局部到整体的发展。2)物体运动相对位置对速度认知的影响早于并大于物体运动距离的影响。3)物体运动时间的先后(开始或停止)对速度认知的影响大于物体运动时间长短的影响。4)在儿童速度认知发展中,7、8岁是一个快速发展阶段。5)速度观念的发展是在直观与概念的矛盾运动中进行的。6)10岁左右,儿童形成速度概念的内部条件似已基本具备。     

小学低年级儿童对友谊关系的认知发展

本研究用日常生活承诺问题的两难故事对小学低年级儿童作个别随访,探查了儿童对友谊关系的认知发展。结果表明,儿童有关社会-道德思维的发展遵循着一定的模式,各发展水平既是连续的,也各有质的特点,从而形成层次等级结构系统。与国外同类研究的发现不同,我国儿童在较低发展水平上已显示出对他人利益的关心和责任感。本研究还对发展中的个别差异作了探讨。     

结果冲突与作业难度对双重作业绩效的影响

运用单作业和双作业操作探讨结果冲突与作业难度对双重作业绩效的影响。结果表明：（１）信息干扰对双作业操作有着明显的影响。信息干扰越大,结果冲突效应越大,双作业操作绩效越差。（２）作业难度对双作业绩效有明显影响。作业难度越大,双作业操作绩效越差。根据实验结果,本研究提出了双因素假设：信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双作业操作绩效的两个主要因素。     

Inadequate and infrequent are not alike: ERPs to deviant prosodic patterns in spoken sentence comprehension

The current study on German investigates Event-Related brain Potentials (ERPs) for the perception of sentences with intonations which are infrequent (i.e. vocatives) or inadequate in daily conversation. These ERPs are compared to the processing correlates for sentences in which the syntax-to-prosody relations are congruent and used frequently during communication. Results show that perceiving an adequate but infrequent prosodic structure does not result in the same brain responses as encountering an inadequate prosodic pattern. While an early negative-going ERP followed by an N400 were observed for both the infrequent and the inadequate syntax-to-prosody association, only the inadequate intonation also elicits a P600.     

Can learning potential in schizophrenia be assessed with the standard CVLT‐II? An exploratory study

This study examined the potential of using the regular administration of a common neuropsychological test, the CVLT-II, to assess learning potential in schizophrenia. Based on List A trial 1 performance and the learning slope, a schizophrenia sample was divided into three learning potential groups (non-learners, learners and high-achievers) that differed in the use of learning strategies. High-achievers utilized more semantic clustering than learners and non-learners, and non-learners were less consistent in words recalled than the other two groups. This standard administration approach is a promising, time-saving alternative to the modified tests of learning potential used so far.     

Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens core and shell mediate Pavlovian-instrumental transfer

Pavlovian stimuli previously paired with food can markedly elevate the rate of food-reinforced instrumental responding. This effect, termed Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT), depends both on general activating and specific cueing properties of Pavlovian stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the general activating properties of Pavlovian stimuli are mediated by mesoaccumbens dopamine systems; however, the role of NAC dopamine D1 and D2 receptors is still unknown. Here we examined the effects of a selective dopamine D1 and D2 receptor blockade in the shell and core subregion of the NAC on general PIT. Rats were trained to press a single lever for food, and the effect of a single Pavlovian stimulus previously associated with the same food on performance of that lever was measured in extinction. Results reveal that PIT, that is, the increase in instrumental responding during presentation of the Pavlovian stimulus, was reduced by microinjections of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 and, less pronounced, by microinjections of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist raclopride into the NAC core or shell, respectively. Our data suggest that dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the NAC core and shell mediate the general activating effects of Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental behavior.     

Perceived trustworthiness of online shops

• Trust has been found to be crucial for consumer behaviour towards online shops. However, existing studies on the role of trust in electronic commerce are mainly based on ad hoc scales to measure trustworthiness, merely rely on self‐reported consequences of trust such as intention to buy, and focus on low‐risk products.
• In a web‐based study, 634 participants interacted with a provider of medical goods, that is a simulated online pharmacy. The study develops and employs a psychometrically sound scale for assessing perceived trustworthiness of online shops. Moreover, it examines the impact of trustworthiness on both consumers' intended and actual behaviour towards online shops.
• Results show that trustworthiness promotes both intention to buy and actual financial risk taking. Perceived risk was not found to moderate the relationship between trustworthiness and intention to buy. Instead, trustworthiness partially mediated the influence of perceived risk on intention to buy. The results from the scale development challenge multidimensional conceptualizations of trust; comparing this finding with other studies suggests that the duration of the relationship might moderate the dimensionality of trust.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小学儿童空间物体位置编码(I)

采用找物范式研究小学 7、9、11岁儿童利用点与点之间的关系对目标物位置进行编码的认知发展。结果表明 :两点距离编码和三点共线编码认知成绩的年龄效应显著 ,9岁组和 11岁组儿童的认知成绩显著好于 7岁组儿童的认知成绩。两个不同实验任务对儿童认知成绩的影响不同 ,7岁组儿童两点距离编码认知成绩显著好于三点共线编码认知成绩 ,9岁组和 11岁组两个任务的认知成绩差异不显著。提供编码线索后 ,认知成绩有了较大的改善。     

不同提示方式的多元图形视觉显示工效学研究

以图形作为实验材料,感觉辨别力和元素权重为实验指标,高可靠性图形的提示方式(没有提示、颜色、亮度、闪烁)为自变量．本文研究了不同提示方式对被试决策绩效的影响,确定图形显示时较优的提示方式。研究结果表明提示能够显著提高被试的决策绩效,在颜色、亮度、闪烁三种提示方式中,较优的提示方式是闪烁。     

预测性、语义倾向性对惯用语理解的影响

通过两个移动窗口阅读实验,探讨了不同预测性和语义倾向性的惯用语在不同语境下的阅读时间。实验一发现：倾向字面意义的惯用语在比喻意义语境下有抑制效应;倾向比喻意义的惯用语在字面意义语境下有抑制效应。实验二发现：低预测性惯用语在比喻意义语境下有抑制效应;高预测性惯用语在字面意义语境下有抑制效应。研究结果否认了惯用语已词汇化的观点,支持了结构假说的观点,证明惯用语的理解是一个构造过程。