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251.
时间序列关系推理是对事件发生的先后顺序关系的推理,是日常生活思维的重要方面。已有的研究关注3类推理问题,探查了不同任务变式下成人时间序列关系推理过程和推理策略,研究结果多支持心理模型理论。未来的研究应探明3类问题的性质,从心理逻辑理论的角度深化策略的研究结果,进一步揭示推理的机制。 相似文献
252.
采用修订的威廉斯创造性思维量表筛选出创造力水平低和创造力水平高的两组儿童,随机分配到头脑风暴法训练组、强制联想法训练组和控制组,分别进行5周的创造力训练。结果显示,在创造力的开放性和精密性维度上,头脑风暴法对创造力水平低的儿童的创造力提高具有显著的效应;两种训练方法对高创造力水平儿童的创造力成绩提高不起作用。儿童的创造力训练应考虑个体原有的创造力水平之间的差异和方法的有效性。 相似文献
253.
Objective
Recent research suggests that binge eating is a common experience in youth. However, it remains largely unknown how children's binge eating presents in everyday life and which psychological factors serve to maintain this binge eating.Methods
Children aged 8-13 years with binge eating (n = 59), defined as at least one episode of loss of control (LOC) over eating within the past three months, and 59 matched children without LOC history were recruited from the community. Following a combined random- and event-sampling protocol, children were interviewed about their day-to-day eating behavior, mood, and eating disorder-specific cognitions using child-specific cell phones during a 4-day assessment period in their natural environment.Results
LOC episodes led to a significantly greater intake of energy, particularly from carbohydrates, than regular meals of children with and without LOC eating. While LOC episodes were preceded and followed by cognitions about food/eating and body image, there was minimal evidence that negative mood states were antecedents of LOC eating.Conclusions
The results provide support for the construct validity of LOC eating in children. Maintenance theories of binge eating for adults apply to children regarding eating disorder-specific cognitions, but the association with affect regulation difficulties requires further investigation. 相似文献254.
255.
Economic decisions usually involve high stakes, real consequences, and some degree of personal risk. This article explores the impact of motivational and volitional states on economic decision processes in an incentivized lottery choice task. We investigated the patterns of decision time, choice, information search, and pupil dilation dependent on an experimental manipulation of motivation and volition, that is, the deliberative and the implemental mindset. The results indicated that choice preferences in economic decisions were robust and remained unaffected by motivational and volitional states, but decision processes were notably impacted. Decision makers in a deliberative state of mind searched for information more extensively and made slower decisions than the baseline. The implemental mindset was associated with more attention paid to the probability attributes of the gambles relative to the deliberative mindset. Furthermore, we observed that gamble outcomes that entailed no win at all (i.e., zero outcomes) played an important role for information search. These outcomes were largely disregarded in terms of predecisional information search but elicited pupillary responses similar to very high outcome lotteries. These results inform the current debate about the zero effect in risky choice. We also discuss the potential of eye-tracking studies of risky choice to dissolve ambiguities concerning the contributions of effort and arousal to modulating pupillary response. Implications for theoretical advances in decision research are discussed. 相似文献
256.
Previous research has shown differences in monolingual and bilingual communication. We explored whether monolingual and bilingual pre‐schoolers (N = 80) differ in their ability to understand others' iconic gestures (gesture perception) and produce intelligible iconic gestures themselves (gesture production) and how these two abilities are related to differences in parental iconic gesture frequency. In a gesture perception task, the experimenter replaced the last word of every sentence with an iconic gesture. The child was then asked to choose one of four pictures that matched the gesture as well as the sentence. In a gesture production task, children were asked to indicate ‘with their hands’ to a deaf puppet which objects to select. Finally, parental gesture frequency was measured while parents answered three different questions. In the iconic gesture perception task, monolingual and bilingual children did not differ. In contrast, bilinguals produced more intelligible gestures than their monolingual peers. Finally, bilingual children's parents gestured more while they spoke than monolingual children's parents. We suggest that bilinguals' heightened sensitivity to their interaction partner supports their ability to produce intelligible gestures and results in a bilingual advantage in iconic gesture production. 相似文献
257.
258.
刺激持续时间对注意瞬脱影响的实验分离现象 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过三个实验,研究了注意瞬脱效应以便深入理解注意时间维度上的特性。实验一针对注意瞬脱效应(简称AB效应)和刺激持续显示时间(简称ED)之间的关系,发现SOA或者ED的延长能减小AB效应。实验二的结果再次证明ED的延长能减小AB效应,并且发现ED延长并没有伴随着对目标的加工速度的加快。实验三发现在目标与干扰项没有显著的特征差异时,AB效应随着ED延长而减小的现象消失了,即ED对AB效应的影响出现了实验性的分离。同时还证明突出显示可以通过加快对目标的反应速度来显著的减小AB效应,而且ED因素只有在目标具有突出的视觉特征时才能改变AB效应。 相似文献
259.