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411.
Since multiple criteria characterise many practical decision problems, the research field of multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) is flourishing. This paper compares the multi‐attribute decision making (MADM) methods, simple additive rating (SAR), simple additive weighting (SAW) as well as the outranking approach PROMETHEE and explains their similarities. We present a case study on industrial paint application and provide theoretical evidence that PROMETHEE can mimic other MADM algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
412.
Recent research has suggested that the six‐dimensional personality model, and especially the dimension Honesty–Humility/Integrity, adds incremental validity to the prediction of important criteria. We expected both this dimension and the dimension Conscientiousness to explain incremental variance in two academic criteria, namely grade point average (GPA) and counterproductive academic behaviour (CAB). In addition, we expected the more specific, so‐called narrow traits of Conscientiousness and Honesty–Humility/Integrity to be stronger predictors of academic criteria than the broad traits. To test these expectations, two studies were conducted using the HEXACO Personality Inventory Revised (HEXACO‐PI‐R) and the Multicultural Personality Test—Big Six (MPT‐BS). The results confirmed our expectations and suggest that academic criteria may be predicted with greater accuracy by focusing on the narrow traits of Conscientiousness and Honesty–Humility/Integrity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
413.
In two experiments, we investigated whether body posture influences people's estimation of quantities. According to the mental-number-line theory, people mentally represent numbers along a line with smaller numbers on the left and larger numbers on the right. We hypothesized that surreptitiously making people lean to the right or to the left would affect their quantitative estimates. Participants answered estimation questions while standing on a Wii Balance Board. Posture was manipulated within subjects so that participants answered some questions while they leaned slightly to the left, some questions while they leaned slightly to the right, and some questions while they stood upright. Crucially, participants were not aware of this manipulation. Estimates were significantly smaller when participants leaned to the left than when they leaned to the right. 相似文献
414.
415.
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels and cognition, both executive and nonexecutive functions, in men incarcerated in a Norwegian prison. Participants were divided into high vitamin D and low vitamin D groups based on established criteria (high level > or = 50 nmol/L; low level < 50 nmol/L). The mean vitamin D concentration was 69 (SD = 12) and 38 (SD = 9) nmol/L in the high-level group (n = 14) and the low level group (n = 11), respectively. Results revealed that the high vitamin D group had significantly more correct responses than the low vitamin D group on the executive function task. There was no difference between the groups on the nonexecutive function task. The reaction time data indicated that the high levels of correct responses in the high vitamin D group on the executive function tasks were not due to a speed-accuracy trade-off. 相似文献
416.
Anita Konzelmann Ziv 《Synthese》2011,183(1):27-45
The paper discusses Bernard Bolzano’s epistemological approach to believing and knowing with regard to the epistemic requirements
of an axiomatic model of science. It relates Bolzano’s notions of believing, knowing and evaluation to notions of infallibility,
immediacy and foundational truth. If axiomatic systems require their foundational truths to be infallibly known, this knowledge
involves both evaluation of the infallibility of the asserted truth and evaluation of its being foundational. The twofold
attempt to examine one’s assertions and to do so by searching for the objective grounds of the truths asserted lies at the
heart of Bolzano’s notion of knowledge. However, the explanatory task of searching for grounds requires methods that cannot
warrant infallibility. Hence, its constitutive role in a conception of knowledge seems to imply the fallibility of such knowledge.
I argue that the explanatory task contained in Bolzanian knowing involves a high degree of epistemic virtues, and that it
is only through some salient virtue that the credit of infallibility can distinguish Bolzanian knowing from a high degree
of Bolzanian believing. 相似文献
417.
Jesse J. Naghi Kiran J. Philip Anita Phan Laurent Cleenewerck Ernst R. Schwarz 《Journal of religion and health》2012,51(4):1124-1136
Heart failure (HF) is a chronic progressive disease with marked morbidity and mortality. Patients enduring this condition suffer from fluctuations in symptom burden such as fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, sexual dysfunction, dramatic changes in body image and depression. As physicians, we often ask patients to trust in our ability to ameliorate their symptoms, but oftentimes we do not hold all of the answers, and our best efforts are only modestly effective. The suffering endured by these individuals and their families may even call into question one??s faith in a higher power and portends to significant spiritual struggle. In the face of incurable and chronic physical conditions, it seems logical that patients would seek alternative or ancillary methods, notably spiritual ones, to improve their ability to deal with their condition. Although difficult to study, spirituality has been evaluated and deemed to have a beneficial effect on multiple measures including global quality of life, depression and medical compliance in the treatment of patients with HF. The model of HF treatment incorporates a multidisciplinary approach. This should involve coordination between primary care, cardiology, palliative care, nursing, patients and, importantly, individuals providing psychosocial as well as spiritual support. This review intends to outline the current understanding and necessity of spirituality??s influence on those suffering from HF. 相似文献
418.
Richter SH Schick A Hoyer C Lankisch K Gass P Vollmayr B 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(3):527-542
Investigations of cognitive biases in animals are conceptually and translationally valuable because they contribute to animal welfare research and help to extend and refine our understanding of human emotional disorders, where biased information processing is a critical causal and maintenance factor. We employed the "learned helplessness" genetic rat model of depression in studying cognitive bias and its modification by environmental manipulations. Using a spatial judgment task, responses to ambiguous spatial cues were assessed before and after environmental enrichment to test whether this manipulation would cause an optimistic shift in emotional state. Twenty-four congenitally helpless and nonhelpless male rats were trained to discriminate two different locations, "rewarded" versus "aversive." After successful acquisition of this spatial discrimination, cognitive bias was probed by measuring responses to three ambiguous locations. Latencies to "reach" and to actively "choose" a goal pot were recorded alongside exploratory behaviors. An overall strain difference was observed, with helpless rats displaying longer "reach" latencies than nonhelpless rats. This implies a "pessimistic" response bias in helpless rats, underscoring their depressive-like phenotype. No strain differences were observed regarding other behavioral measures. Half of the animals were then transferred to enriched cages and retested. Environmental enrichment resulted in reduced "choose" latencies in both rat strains, associating enrichment with more optimistic interpretations of ambiguous cues. Our results emphasize the suitability of cognitive bias measurement for animal emotion assessment. They extend the methodological repertoire for characterizing complex phenotypes and bear implications for animal welfare research and for the use of animal models in preclinical research. 相似文献
419.
Natasa Joki?-Begi? Tanja Jurin Anita Lauri Korajlija 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2012,34(1):126-135
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) refers to a person’s tendency to fear anxiety-related symptoms due to the belief that they have harmful
consequences. The Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI) is a well accepted operationalization of the AS construct in children and adolescents. This study evaluated the factor structure,
gender stability and psychometric properties of the CASI, modified to a 5-point scale, in a sample of Croatian children and
adolescents (N = 1,679). Exploratory and confirmatory analysis and a Schmid-Leiman solution confirmed the multidimensional and hierarchical
structure of the CASI, which consisted of three lower-order factors and a single higher-order factor. Further, the modification
of the CASI to a 5-point scale resulted in higher reliability, while maintaining acceptable levels of factor stability and
validity. 相似文献
420.
Anita Federici Lucene Wisniewski Denise Ben‐Porath 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2012,90(3):330-338
The authors describe an intensive outpatient dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program for multidiagnostic clients with eating disorders who had not responded adequately to standard, empirically supported treatments for eating disorders. The program integrates DBT with empirically supported cognitive behavior therapy approaches that are well established for the treatment of eating disorders. Attention is given to inclusion and exclusion criteria, how the program differs from standard treatments for eating disorders, and the application of specific DBT treatment components for multidiagnostic clients with eating disorders. 相似文献