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81.
Alison Montagrin Virginie Sterpenich Tobias Brosch Didier Grandjean Jorge Armony Leonardo Ceravolo David Sander 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2018,18(6):1269-1282
Emotional situations are typically better remembered than neutral situations, but the psychological conditions and brain mechanisms underlying this effect remain debated. Stimulus valence and affective arousal have been suggested to explain the major role of emotional stimuli in memory facilitation. However, neither valence nor arousal are sufficient affective dimensions to explain the effect of memory facilitation. Several studies showed that negative and positive details are better remembered than neutral details. However, other studies showed that neutral information encoded and coupled with arousal did not result in a memory advantage compared with neutral information not coupled with arousal. Therefore, we suggest that the fundamental affective dimension responsible for memory facilitation is goal relevance. To test this hypothesis at behavioral and neural levels, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study and used neutral faces embedded in goal-relevant or goal-irrelevant daily life situations. At the behavioral level, we found that neutral faces encountered in goal-relevant situations were better remembered than those encountered in goal-irrelevant situations. To explain this effect, we studied neural activations involved in goal-relevant processing at encoding and in subsequent neutral face recognition. At encoding, activation of emotional brain regions (anterior cingulate, ventral striatum, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra) was greater for processing of goal-relevant situations than for processing of goal-irrelevant situations. At the recognition phase, despite the presentation of neutral faces, brain activation involved in social processing (superior temporal sulcus) to successfully remember identities was greater for previously encountered faces in goal-relevant than in goal-irrelevant situations. 相似文献
82.
Our aim was to evaluate how human beliefs affect working dog outcomes in an applied environment. We asked whether beliefs
of scent detection dog handlers affect team performance and evaluated relative importance of human versus dog influences on
handlers’ beliefs. Eighteen drug and/or explosive detection dog/handler teams each completed two sets of four brief search
scenarios (conditions). Handlers were falsely told that two conditions contained a paper marking scent location (human influence).
Two conditions contained decoy scents (food/toy) to encourage dog interest in a false location (dog influence). Conditions
were (1) control; (2) paper marker; (3) decoy scent; and (4) paper marker at decoy scent. No conditions contained drug or
explosive scent; any alerting response was incorrect. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used with search condition
as the independent variable and number of alerts as the dependent variable. Additional nonparametric tests compared human
and dog influence. There were 225 incorrect responses, with no differences in mean responses across conditions. Response patterns
differed by condition. There were more correct (no alert responses) searches in conditions without markers. Within marked
conditions, handlers reported that dogs alerted more at marked locations than other locations. Handlers’ beliefs that scent
was present potentiated handler identification of detection dog alerts. Human more than dog influences affected alert locations.
This confirms that handler beliefs affect outcomes of scent detection dog deployments. 相似文献
83.
84.
A Comparison of Phonological Awareness Skills in Early French Immersion and English Children 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tingley PA Dore KA Lopez A Parsons H Campbell E Bird EK Cleave P 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2004,33(3):263-287
This 2-year study examined the effects of early second language exposure on phonological awareness skills. Syllable, onset-rime and phoneme awareness skills of 72 anglophone children attending English or French immersion programs in primary and grade 1 were investigated. Three-way mixed ANOVAS revealed the following effects and interactions. In terms of grade effect, grade 1 students performed significantly better than primary students on phoneme and onset-rime tasks. A stimulus language effect was observed for the three levels of phonological awareness. All children performed better on English tasks than on French ones. Interaction effects of stimulus language by program were revealed for phoneme as well as syllable tasks. Posthoc analyses revealed that French students performed better on English phoneme and syllable tasks than on French, while English students performed better than French immersion students on French syllable tasks. Correlational analyses revealed significant relationships between reading and phoneme and onset-rime phonological awareness tasks regardless of program of instruction (English, French immersion) or language of reading test (English, French). Syllable awareness was only significantly correlated with the French non-word reading task for the French immersion students. 相似文献
85.
Silvers A 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2003,24(6):471-487
Disagreement about the properattitude toward disability proliferates. Yetlittle attention has been paid to an importantmeta-question,
namely, whether ``disability' isan essentially contested concept. If so, recentdebates between bioethicists and the disabilitymovement
leadership cannot be resolved. Inthis essay I identify some of the presumptionsthat make their encounters so contentious.
Much more must happen, I argue, for anydiscussions about disability policy andpolitics to be productive. Progress depends
onconstructing a neutral conception ofdisability, one that neither devaluesdisability nor implies that persons withdisabilities
are inadequate. So, first, I clearaway the conceptual underbrush that makes usthink our idea of disability must bevalue-laden.
Second, I sketch someconstituents of, and constraints upon, aneutral notion of disability.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
86.
The purpose of this study was to determine if a developmental order exists in the metalinguistic ability of children to make judgments about the form of language while simultaneously attending to a meaningful linguistic context. The stimulus material consisted of a short story into which 20 nonsense lexical items had been substituted. The 20 stimuli were comprised of phonotactically illegal and legal sequences of phonemes. In addition, the lexical items had been positioned to replace either structure or content words within the story. The participants were 90 Caucasian children who were divided into nine age groupings from 4;0 to 12;11. Baseline data were obtained from 10 adults. All subjects were required to respond to the audio-recorded stimuli by pressing a button whenever a nonsense item was perceived. The data were analyzed for both number of correct responses and reaction times. Results revealed a major shift in metalanguage ability occurring between 7 and 8 years of age. The 8- to 12-year-olds responded correctly to more items and at significantly faster rates than the 4- to 7-year-olds. The adults outperformed the children on all tasks, showing that metalanguage development continues beyond childhood. 相似文献
87.
Anita E. Kelly 《Current directions in psychological science》1999,8(4):105-109
Both the health benefits and the potential drawbacks of revealing personal secrets (i.e., those that directly involve the secret keeper) are reviewed. Making the decision to reveal personal secrets to others involves a trade-off. On the one hand, secret keepers can feel better by revealing their secrets and gaining new insights into them. On the other hand, secret keepers can avoid looking bad before important audiences (such as their bosses or therapists) by not revealing their secrets. Making a wise decision to reveal a personal secret hinges on finding an appropriate confidantúsomeone who is discreet, who is perceived by the secret keeper to be nonjudgmental, and who is able to offer new insights into the secret. 相似文献
88.
Anita E. Kelly William E. Sedlacek William R. Scales 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,73(2):178-182
This study explored how college students with (n = 80) and without disabilities (n = 76) rated themselves, how each group rated members of the other group, and how each group perceived that the other group would rate them on a 24-item personality instrument that was designed to assess five factors of personality: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and culture. Results revealed that the two groups rated each other in a stereotypical manner: Students with disabilities were seen as more conscientious and cultured than were students without disabilities, whereas students without disabilities were seen as more extraverted and emotionally stable than were students with disabilities. When the students rated themselves, however, no such differences between the two groups emerged. Implications of the results for clinical practice are discussed. 相似文献
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