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91.
Kevin R. Brooks Edwina Keen Daniel Sturman Jonathan Mond Richard J. Stevenson Ian D. Stephen 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2020,111(4):742-761
Body image disturbance – a cause of distress amongst the general population and those diagnosed with various disorders – is often attributed to the media’s unrealistic depiction of ideal bodies. These ideals are strongly gendered, leading to pronounced fat concern amongst females, and a male preoccupation with muscularity. Recent research suggests that visual aftereffects may be fundamental to the misperception of body fat and muscle mass – the perceptual component of body image disturbance. This study sought to establish the influence of gender on these body aftereffects. Male and female observers were randomly assigned to one of four adaptation conditions (low-fat, high-fat, low-muscle, and high-muscle bodies) and were asked to adjust the apparent fat and muscle levels of male and female bodies to make them appear as ‘normal’ as possible both before adaptation and after adaptation. While neither the gender of observers nor of body stimuli had a direct effect, aftereffect magnitude was significantly larger when observers viewed own-gender (compared with other-gender) stimuli. This effect, which may be due to attentional factors, could have implications for the development of body image disturbance, given the preponderance of idealized own-gender bodies in media marketed to male and female consumers. 相似文献
92.
Myra Leifer Linda Croner Wax Laurie Leventhal-Belfer Andrea Fouchia Margie Morrison 《Infant mental health journal》1989,10(2):100-116
A quantitative single case study is presented to illustrate how an early intervention program used two therapeutic modalities to treat a depressed mother and her 2-month-old son. Drawing upon an ecological, transactional model of development, the case study utilized a multimethod, longitudinal approach to assess the infant's developmental competence and attachment status, the mother's history and current psychosocial functioning, patterns of mother-infant interaction, and components of the family's social ecology. Measures were administered during a baseline period to assess pre-intervention functioning and were systematically repeated throughout the 2-year period of intervention. The treatment modalities included psychodynamically oriented individual therapy and Parent-Infant Relationship Treatment (PIRT) in which the dyad was also seen by a second therapist to foster more adaptive mother-infant transactional patterns. The findings indicated increased infant developmental competence and a shift from an insecure to a secure attachment classification, improved maternal psychosocial functioning, and a decline in the dyadic interactional pattern of maternal intrusiveness and infant withdrawal. The advantages of using two treatment modalities and a single case approach to evaluation are discussed. 相似文献
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Betsy L. Gammon Laura Otto Myra Wick Kristy Borowski Megan Allyse 《Journal of genetic counseling》2018,27(4):894-901
Recently, practices have begun integrating cell-free DNA-based noninvasive prenatal screening as a screening option for a variety of genetic conditions. According to the National Society of Genetic Counselors, the integration of cfDNA screening into clinical prenatal practice may "significantly shift the paradigm of prenatal testing and screening for all women." The purpose of this study was to determine whether group information sessions can feasibly serve as an alternative to extended one-on-one genetic counseling for the increasing number of women making decisions about prenatal testing and screening. This study assessed the effect of group genetic information sessions coupled with abbreviated counseling on pregnant women’s knowledge about and attitudes toward prenatal testing and screening. 相似文献
99.
Jacoby, Shimizu, Daniels, and Rhodes (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 852–857, 2005) showed that new words presented as foils among a list of old words that had been deeply encoded were themselves subsequently
better recognized than new words presented as foils among a list of old words that had been shallowly encoded. In Experiment
1, by substituting a deep-versus-shallow imagery manipulation for the levels-of-processing manipulation, we demonstrated that
the effect is robust and that it generalizes, also occurring with a different type of encoding. In Experiment 2, we provided
more direct evidence for context-related encoding during tests of deeply encoded words, showing enhanced priming for foils
presented among deeply encoded targets when participants made the same deep-encoding judgments on those items as had been
made on the targets during study. In Experiment 3, we established that the findings from Experiment 2 are restricted to this
specific deep judgment task and are not a general consequence of these foils being associated with deeply encoded items. These
findings provide support for the source-constrained retrieval hypothesis of Jacoby, Shimizu, Daniels, and Rhodes: New information
can be influenced by how surrounding items are encoded and retrieved, as long as the surrounding items recruit a coherent
mode of processing. 相似文献
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