Prenatal expression of species-typical action patterns in the rat fetus (Rattus norvegicus)

We investigated sensory and behavioral responsiveness of the rat fetus. On Days 19, 20, or 21 of gestation, rat fetuses received intraoral infusions of a biologically important stimulus, milk, or a novel chemical stimulus, lemon. Using a technique to directly observe behavior in utero, we found that rat fetuses discriminate between intraoral infusions of milk and lemon, exhibiting different levels and patterns of overall activity after infusion. Milk was found to evoke a low magnitude, delayed increase in overall fetal activity from Day 19 through Day 21, whereas lemon evoked a high-magnitude, spiked pattern of activity that diminished from Day 19 to Day 21. Late in gestation these two stimuli elicited species-typical action patterns. Milk infusions elicited a stretch response much like the one shown by pups at the nipple; lemon infusions elicited face wiping typical of older pups and adults exposed to aversive gustatory stimuli.     

A family systems approach to conciliation in separation and divorce

This paper argues for a family systems approach to families who are in conflict during the process of divorce, particularly in relation to custody and access for their children. The concept of 'conciliation' as a brief method of intervention is both defined and discussed and principles and skills are identified. The influence of the context within which conciliation is practised and in particular, the power which the conciliator holds, or is perceived by the family to hold, is also discussed. These ideas are illustrated by case examples.     

可卡因对6-羟基多巴胺所致大脑单侧黑质纹状体系统损伤的大白鼠的旋转行为的影响

本实验观察了Holtzman种系雌性大白鼠34只。以6-OHDA制备单侧大脑黑质纹状体系统损伤的旋转行为模式。在特殊的和自动的球形旋转仪中共进行3次行为观察。以伤侧多巴胺的耗竭率在85％以上,以及具有优势地同侧性的旋转行为的实验动物的实验数据作为分析和讨论的依据。34只雌性大白鼠均符合上述条件。本实验所观察到的盐酸可卡因对动物的旋转行为的影响,其主要结果如下: 可卡因可使实验动物引起刻板的同侧性的旋转行为,其作用迅速。不同剂量的可卡因对动物的旋转行为有不同的影响。 单冷注射可卡因对动物的旋转行为能明显地引起长的至少持续一个星期的促进作用。这就提示,对脑和行为具有持久作用的心理运动的兴奋药,没有必要反复给药。     

On more powerful tests of judge agreement with a known standard

To establish the existence of his abilities, a judge is given the task of classifying each ofN=rs subjects into one ofr known categories, each containings of the subjects. An incomplete design is proposed whereby the judge is presented withb groups, each one containingn=rs/b<r subjects. Then different categories corresponding to members of the group are known. Using the total number of correct classifications, this method of grouping is compared to that in which the group size is equal to the number of categories. The incomplete grouping is shown to yield a more powerful test for discriminating between the null hypothesis that the judge is guessing the classifications and the alternative hypothesis that he has some definite abilities. The incomplete design is found to be most effective (powerful) when the number of subjects in a group is limited to two or three.The author is grateful for the suggestions of the referees and the editor, which greatly improved the paper.