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901.
A validation of eye movements as a measure of elementary school children's developing number sense 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michael Schneider Angela Heine Verena Thaler Joke Torbeyns Bert De Smedt Lieven Verschaffel Arthur M. Jacobs Elsbeth Stern 《Cognitive development》2008,23(3):409-422
The number line estimation task captures central aspects of children's developing number sense, that is, their intuitions for numbers and their interrelations. Previous research used children's answer patterns and verbal reports as evidence of how they solve this task. In the present study we investigated to what extent eye movements recorded during task solution reflect children's use of the number line. By means of a cross-sectional design with 66 children from Grades 1, 2, and 3, we show that eye-tracking data (a) reflect grade-related increase in estimation competence, (b) are correlated with the accuracy of manual answers, (c) relate, in Grade 2, to children's addition competence, (d) are systematically distributed over the number line, and (e) replicate previous findings concerning children's use of counting strategies and orientation-point strategies. These findings demonstrate the validity and utility of eye-tracking data for investigating children's developing number sense and estimation competence. 相似文献
902.
Caterina Cinel Angela Boldini Elaine Fox Riccardo Russo 《Applied cognitive psychology》2008,22(8):1113-1125
The effect of acute exposure to low‐level radio frequency electromagnetic fields (REF) generated by mobile phones on short‐term memory and attention was assessed in two experiments. Most of the tests manipulated task difficulty or what might be termed cognitive load. This manipulation is important since previous studies have argued that exposure to mobile phones might affect cognitive functions only under conditions which tax the cognitive system. All participants were exposed to REF (half were exposed to GSM—Global System for Mobile Communication—signals and the other half were exposed to unmodulated signals) in one testing session, while in a separate session participants were exposed to sham signals. To investigate potential lateralised effects, the mobile phone was positioned on the left side of the head for half of the participants and on the right side for the other half. No significant effect of exposure to REF was detected in any of the six tasks used in either the low or high cognitive load conditions. This study used much larger sample sizes than is typical for this type of research and REF exposure was administered under double‐blind conditions. Overall, the results indicate that acute exposure to REFs emitted by mobile phones do not have a strong impact on cognitive functions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
903.
Connolly A 《The Journal of analytical psychology》2008,53(4):481-499
The present crisis in models of training and in psychoanalytical education in general can be linked to the gulf that has come to be created between analytical theory and clinical practice. The paper(1) examines the historical facts that have led to this split and suggests the need to return to the models of Freud and Jung. Both these fathers of depth psychology stressed the dangers inherent in the dogmatic use of theory and both insisted that theory must always spring from and be able to account for clinical practice rather than vice versa, as is so often the case today. The paper also looks at how theory should be taught in our analytical institutes in order to ensure that what we transmit to our candidates is not knowledge in the form of dogma but rather a way of proceeding that will enable them to think creatively about their clinical practice and thus produce new knowledge, essential if depth psychology is to remain relevant to our post-modern culture. 相似文献
904.
Yu JJ Lucero-Liu AA Gamble WC Taylor AR Christensen DH Modry-Mandell KL 《The Journal of psychology》2008,142(2):169-192
In this investigation, the authors explored the impact of individuals' cultural values on their partners' relationship adjustment and perceptions of their parenting relationship. The authors examined Mexican cultural values of simpatía (i.e., harmonious interpersonal relationships) and respeto (i.e., respect for authority figures) using a sample of 50 Mexican-origin couples in southern Arizona. Congruent with their hypotheses, results supported the proposition that fathers' simpatía is positively associated with both relationship adjustment and the parenting relationship as reported by mothers, whereas fathers' respeto is negatively associated with both relationship adjustment and the parenting relationship as reported by mothers. However, the authors found little evidence of a contribution of mothers' cultural values to fathers' perceptions of either relationship adjustment or the parenting relationship. They interpret these findings to suggest that mothers' relationship adjustment and parenting relationship are more sensitive to and dependent on fathers' degree of traditional cultural values among Mexican-origin families. 相似文献
905.
As advancements in the treatment of childhood cancer have resulted in increasing survival rates, the psychosocial functioning
of child patients has become an increasingly important issue. In this pilot study, we investigate the relationships among
parents’ characteristics, children’s characteristics, and the quality of life experienced by children who are diagnosed with
cancer. Forty-seven mothers, sixteen fathers, and nineteen children completed measures about their own psychological functioning
as well as measures about the children’s quality of life. Mothers’ ratings of their children’s quality of life were correlated
positively with the ratings provided by both fathers and the children themselves. In addition, significant relationships were
found between mothers’ depression and parenting stress and children’s quality of life as well as between mothers’ and fathers’
anxiety and children’s quality of life. Finally, using regression analyses, mothers’, fathers’, and children’s ratings of
their own characteristics predicted significantly their ratings of the children’s quality of life. The importance of examining
the psychological characteristics of family members when assessing the quality of life of children who are diagnosed with
cancer is discussed. 相似文献
906.
Prior research indicates that, like adults, infants use enclosed regions to group elements. It is not clear whether infants
or adults can use regions that have to be inferred from illusory contours to group elements. We examined whether 3- to 4-month-olds
use illusory regions to group elements and generalize this organization to novel regions. Infants habituated to pairs of shapes
in illusory vertical or horizontal regions subsequently discriminated, in novel regions, pairs of elements that had previously
shared a region from pairs of elements that had been in different regions. A control group of infants, who had experienced
the same stimuli except for the presence of illusory regions, failed to discriminate between within-region and between-region
pairs of stimuli. These results reveal that (1) illusory regions can be used to group elements, (2) perceptual organization
is sufficiently developed early in life for 3- to 4-month-olds to group on the basis of ecologically relevant illusory contours,
and (3) such grouping in infancy generalizes to novel regions. 相似文献
907.
This paper describes the initial development of a treatment for bulimia nervosa using a functional contextual treatment approach. Seven women (6 with a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa and 1 with a diagnosis of eating disorder not otherwise specified) completed 12 sessions of functional contextual treatment. Participants were assessed with the Eating Disorders Examination at baseline and following treatment. The intervention produced significant reductions in binge eating, purgative behavior, dietary restraint, and eating concerns. A functional contextual treatment holds promise for the treatment of bulimia nervosa. However, the treatment needs to be refined further and will need to be tested in controlled clinical trials with long-term follow-up. 相似文献
908.
Morrow D Raquel L Schriver A Redenbo S Rozovski D Weiss G 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2008,14(3):288-297
Taking medication requires developing plans to accomplish the activity. This planning challenges older adults because of age-related cognitive limits and inadequate collaboration with health providers. The authors investigated whether an external aid (medtable) supports collaborative planning in the context of a simulated patient/provider task in which pairs of older adults worked together to create medication schedules. Experiment 1 compared pairs who used the medtable, blank paper (unstructured aid), or no aid to create schedules varying in complexity of medication constraints (number of medications and medication co-occurrence restrictions) and patient constraints (available times during the day to take medication). Both aids increased problem-solving accuracy and efficiency (time per unit accuracy) compared to the no-aid condition, primarily for more complex schedules. However, benefits were similar for the two aids. In Experiment 2, a redesigned medtable increased problem-solving accuracy and efficiency compared to blank paper. Both aids presumably supported problem solving by providing a jointly visible workspace for developing schedules. The medtable may be more effective because it externalizes constraints (relationships between medication and patient information), so that participants can more easily organize information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
909.
910.
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) has long been implicated in a wide variety of emotional, cognitive and behavioural control processes. However, its precise contribution is still not well understood. Depletion of 5-HT enhances behavioural and brain responsiveness to punishment or other aversive signals, while disinhibiting previously rewarded but now punished behaviours. Findings suggest that 5-HT modulates the impact of punishment-related signals on learning and emotion (aversion), but also promotes response inhibition. Exaggerated aversive processing and deficient response inhibition could underlie distinct symptoms of a range of affective disorders, namely stress- or threat-vulnerability and compulsive behaviour, respectively. We review evidence from studies with human volunteers and experimental animals that begins to elucidate the neurobiological systems underlying these different effects. 相似文献